Case Study Of A Functional Health Pattern Assessment Nursing Essay

Case Study Of A Functional Health Pattern Assessment Nursing EssayThe avocation Functional Health Pattern assessment is ground on a 65 year old Scottish woman who lives independently with her husband in their firm at Happy Valley.The purpose of the interview was explained in increase to an draft of the types of questions which would be asked during the interview. A copy of the interview questions were provided front to the interview (Appendix 1) so the questions would be familiar, and to minimise any disturbance.The importance of maintaining her l mavinliness and the necessity of choosing a pseudonym was discussed which she sensed as gr flow fun. She chose Patricia as she thought it was rather a posh sounding name and one which she had ever so liked.At the beginning of the interview the confidentiality constructions were reiterated to which Patricia indicated verbal permission for her data to be dis virtuallyd as applicable and appropriate with collectible visit to her ethical and legal rights (ANMC 2008, p.4).Patricia was advised any questions which she did non feel ingenious answering could be skipped in order for her to feel booming inwardly the interview environment. That said however, Patricia stated she was happy to discuss any veerg and was keen to hop on the interview.Health comprehension/wellness management exampleAn limn of the clients perceived class of health and tumesce be and how health is managed (Gordon 1994)Patricia perceives her health to be more or less nifty, non 100%, but fairly good for her age. She stated she has ever strived to live a healthy careerstyle and believes that her employment as a Diversional Therapist within an elderly Care facility keeps her young and twin as she walks virtually the facility countless ms throughout the twenty-four hours catching to residents lifestyle take.Patricia presents as a much younger someone than her biological age and attributes this to take a leaking fullt ime and walking somewhere in the neck of the woods of approximately 3 kilometres per day 5 days a workweek. The risks of exploitation cardiovascular disease are greatly decreased by steadfast exercises such as walking and aerobic bodily process in addition to increasing the benefits of physiological and psychological wellbeing (Crisp and Taylor 2005, p.920).Although Patricia takes medicament for the management of hypertension (High Blood Pressure), diagnosed in 2009, she feels that it is well controlled and does not impact on her big businessman to perform her role at work, undertake housework or move is recreational activities with her family on weekends. When not controlled, Hypertension puts strain on the heart, damage blood vessels in the kidneys and damages the retina, resulting in a loss of raft (Herlihy 2007, p.331). As Patricia already suffers reverie problems it is imperative her Hypertension is on a level(p) basis monitored.Patricia regularly attends her doctor and believes it is important to adhere to any recommendation or interposition administered by the doctor. She advised she would be too scared not to do so in case something bad happened to her so she complies implicitly.Although Patricia would like to prevail private health insurance she feels that it is too expensive. She is satisfied with the Medicare system and believes it meets her selects adequately.The necessity of installing aids or changing any aspect of her home to increase safety or prevent accidents has not been necessary. She believes she has not come to this stage of life just yet and feels confident in her ability to manage her household as is.Nutritional metabolous configurationAn outline of the clients invention of food/fluid breathing in relative to metabolic need and nutrient supply (Gordon 1994)During a 24 hour termination Patricia usually consumes three main meals and rarely has snacks during the day when working. She believes her job influences her have pattern during the week as she unaccompanied has a 30 elegant lunch break which leaves little time for large or broaden meals.In the 24 hours prior to the interview Patricia consumed cereal, herbal tea, water, yoghurt, orange juice, fruit, vegetables and muffins. During the week she feels her diet to be balanced and more than adequate.Patricia is a Vegetarian based on her ghostly beliefs, she has no food allergies but does modify her diet regularly based on her remains count on and heapt fluctuations. Research suggests sight who potentially suffer from a binge-eating disorder have a chronicle of weight fluctuations and obesity (Edlin et al. 1997).On the weekend when she spends a lot of time with her family and grand children she admits she consumes more snacks, fast food and foods considered to be empty of nutritionary value such as potato chips, lollies, ice cream and barmy drink, particularly when in company with her grandsons. Patricia laughingly classes her egotism as a weekend complaisant eater. In a recent article (Abedin 2009) indicated, adults tend to eat more when they are around friends and family than when eating with strangers.Tooth decay is primarily caused by circulatory replaces, unretentive dietary habits and poor mouth or dental consonant hygiene (Murray Zentner 1989, p.470) and as a result Patricia has top dentures although they do not inhibit her ability to eat nor restrict the types of food choices available to her. in that location have been no significant changes to her diet as she has aged due to the vegetarian menu she eats for her main meals, however she nisused that she does overeat chip food with her grandchildren. However, when questioned if this overeating has primarily occurred since becoming a Grandmother she sheepishly admitted it was probably a lifelong habit.Sometimes she has noticed significantly bring down energy levels particularly in the afternoon but Patricia believes this to be based on the expectation s of her job and possibly age rather than indications her nutritional intake is a contributing factor. When queried if her Iron and Vitamin intake were sufficient based on the fact she doesnt eat red meat Patricia stated she didnt think it caused her a problem, nor had her Doctor ever mentioned any need for additional supplements.Research has shown (Hunt 2003) throng on a vegetarian diet get all the iron they need by eating iron rich foods, including legumes, green leafy vegetables and beef up breads/cereals although iron pass on be less available for absorption than in diets which include meat. Hunt (2003) suggests, vegetarians should consider consuming vitamin C, or citrus fruits to mitigate absorption ratios in order to balance out nutritional requirements.No issues were identified in terms of hairs-breadth loss, increased facial hair growth, skin disorders or nail growth. Patricia maintains a regular skin government to promote health, elasticity and prevent wrinkles. Her s kin appears well hydrated. Patricias hair and nails were likewise kept up(p).Elimination patternAn outline of the clients pattern of excretory function in relation to the bowel and bladder (Gordon 1994)When reflecting on her voiding pattern Patricia stated she voided approximately three times per day dependent on her day-to-day schedule and her fluid intake, and about the same amount at home in the evening.Patricia experiences no problems with bowel elimination and has neer utilised suppositories, supplements or other medication for either constipation or diarrhoea. She uses her bowels twice a day and believes the amount of fruit and vegetables consumed within her diet coupled with her eccentric based cereal e genuinely morning sufficiently meets her needs. Alteration in elimination patterns can sometimes indicate signs or symptoms of issues within the gastrointestinal system (Crisp and Taylor 2005, p. 1325), but this does not appear to be applicable in Patricias case.Activity exercise patternAn outline of the clients pattern of exercise, and physical activity (Gordon 1994)Exercise which keeps the heart pumping and working steadily for about 20 proceedings per day improves fitness, muffles the risks of heart disease, obesity and maintains mobility (Peterson 2004, p.625).As discussed in the health perception/health management pattern Patricia walks reasonable distances during the day at her intrust of employment. In addition to the walking she conducts gentle Exercise Classes for the residents at the Aged Care facility twice a week. She feels she has sufficient energy to infix in, and conduct, these classes and they form the basis of her regular exercise pattern.Sleep/rest patternAn outline of the clients pattern of sleep, rest and relaxation (Gordon 1994)Patricia says she thoroughly enjoys sleeping and will generally achieve 8-9 hours per night which she thinks provides her with ample rest and recuperation from her day by day activities. According to Crisp and Taylor (2005), the amount and quality of sleep decreases in the fourth-year adult, however Patricia has neither noticed nor see any significant change to her sleep pattern in many eld.When Patricia was approximately 10 old age old she used to sleep-walk but has since outgrown this problem. She states she awakens at 0300 every morning regular as clockwork to go to the bathroom but experiences little difficulty reverting to sleep.Cognitive/Perception patternAn outline of the clients cognitive and sensory perceptual patterns (Gordon 1994)The average sensation shrinks approximately 5-10% in weight between the ages of 20 and 90 resulting in a decrease in working memory, however, the brain can adapt and grow new cells, but this is dependant on physical activity, stimulation and learning (Santrock 2006). Patricia believes the constant mental and physical stimulation of her job keeps her brain active as evidenced by the boffo completion of recent study. She is a keen cross word puzzler and refreshing reader which she feels endures her cognitive functions.Of the five sensors the most significant change has been to Patricias plenty as she has aged. Patricia wears glasses for reading, computer work and magnification for everyday activities. She has her romance tested every three geezerhood and upgrades her eyewear as recommended by the Optometrist.Patricia has not noticed any change in her ability to smell, hear, or strain but admits to a taste change over the years from bouquet to savoury flavours.Self perception/ ego concept patternAn outline of the clients ego concept and perceptions of egotism in relation to embody image, self worth and feeling states (Gordon 1994)Of the most interest and focus, and highlighted throughout this assessment, was Patricias image of herself. Although she states she is reasonably satisfied with her current status in life and what she has achieved for herself and her family, her perception of how she looks demonst rates issues around physical dissatisfaction, possible low self esteem and a deprivation of confidence in social situations. Erikson (1965) theorises maintaining a positive self image and feelings of self worth is essential in order to achieve a successful transition to old age despite changing abilities and limitations.She all the way states she doesnt feel old at 65 years however she believes her weight issues affect her ability to feel confident when she pursues recreational and social activities. physical ideals and social stigma value a thin body, which society symbolises as slews ability to discipline their appetite and restrain themselves from overeating (Germov 2005). Patricia states when she is at work and performing tasks which she perceives are within her capabilities she feels competent and happy within herself.It is plainly when she is required to enter the social arena she is faced with unhappiness and quandary about her body image. Those who are overweight are su bject to stigmatism for being different and falling outside of the social norm (Germov 2005).On condition she will refuse to go out with friends or feels upset about her selection of clothing and fit, negatively believing she will be an embarrassment to friends and family due to her size.When she does socialize outside of her immediate family circle she tends to sit gently and not draw attention to herself especially if the social event has a number of well dressed and slim women in attendance, and particularly if she sees them as being of a similar age bracket to herself. A thin body is viewed by society as the essence of beauty, windual attractiveness, social status, health and occasionally moral worth (Germov Williams 2004).In recent years Patricia states although she does not perceive herself as being either old or tired she admits to using her age as an excuse to decline invitations to attend social functions based purely on the fact that she is not comfortable with her body image.Although she is eligible for a Seniors Card, which is based on age, Patricia refuses to apply for it stating adamantly that she is not old and does not like the connotations that ownership of such a card implies. She says she does not class herself as a Senior and because a Seniors Card is not required. When the possible benefits of the Card were discussed her prompt result was a definite, no thankyou, maybe when Im 80.Role/relationship patternAn outline of the clients pattern of relationships and role engagement (Gordon 1994)Patricia is a mother, grandmother, aunt, wife, sister, friend, employee and work colleague. She views her primary roles at this stage of her life as being a wife, grandmother and employee. She enjoys close relationships with her three daughters. Since the recent death of her only sister, her husband, children and two nieces are the only remaining family in Australia as her parents are deceased. She has no contact with impertinent relatives in Scotlan d.Patricia has a select group of friends but feels as a result of her work commitments during the week, coupled with family commitments, she has little spare time to socialise with friends. She does not belong to any social groups and mentioned that she thought social groups were a waste of her time. Murray and Zentner (1989) state some factors may inhibit older people from pursuing recreational activities based on a perceived poor usage of time, conditioning to appear busy, fears about the future and the lack of preceding opportunities to pursue a hobby or new interest.Sexuality patternAn outline of the clients reproductive and sexuality pattern (Gordon 1994)At the age of 16 years old Patricia began menstruating. Patricia experienced no difficulty during her three pregnancies and has never suffered a miscarriage. Since she began menopause at the age of 45 years Patricia has experienced minimal interest in being sexually active and cites a definite loss of libido however she did i ndicate her sexual needs were profusely met.Eden (2002, p.53) argues womens sexual desires fluctuate over the years with highs and lows, commonly cooccurring with major life changes such as menopause.Patricia says she has a tilted uterus which causes her no problems, pain or issues during sexual intercourse. The uterus normally lies in an anteverted position with statistics showing approximately 20% of women have a retroverted or tilted uterus without experiencing any problems during their life (Andrews 2005).She experiences no embarrassment when openly discussing issues of a sexual nature, nor did she find it difficult to talk about sex education with her daughters. Patricia believes due to it being a taboo subject with her parents when increment up it has influenced her to be very open with her own children.A good health maintenance plan includes regular health screenings, including Pap Smears, self breast examination and mammograms (Leifer Harrison 2004, p.215). Patricia stat es she consciously adheres to preventative health measures.Coping/ filter patternAn outline of the clients general stress tolerance and coping mechanisms pattern (Gordon 1994)The stress Patricia feels when she is at work relates to her supervisor who Patricia states is not as confirmatory as she would like. She does however have other colleagues at work with whom she can debrief as required. She cites her husband as being her primary support and states they have always talked through as a family any issues which may impact on her coping mechanisms.A recent significant nerve-wracking event was the marriage and untimely death of her only sister whilst on honeymoon and the subsequent fight over her sisters Last Will and will which occurred between the new husband and her nieces. Again her husband and daughters were her primary substance of support during this time although she did consider accessing professional counselling.Being aware of what causes stress, how you controvert and having a network of support are all strategies which can care you to manage and control stressful events (Andrews 2005, p.59). Patricia feels she has accepted the outcomes from this event and moved forward.Patricia does not drink alcohol, use medication or take drugs to relieve stress but will comfort eat and compensate with food on occasion resulting in weight gain and subsequently poor body image and what she terms mild undiagnosed depression which she says never lasts for very long.Value/belief patternAn outline of the clients pattern of values, ghostlike beliefs and goals ascertain choices or decisions (Gordon 1994)An individuals sense of spirituality can be influenced by culture, life experiences and religious beliefs (Brush 2000). Patricia is a practicing Mormon and spiritual person. Her family and faith have always been the most important part of her life. She has been married to her husband for 42 years and values her relationship with him.Recent goals have included compl eting a TAFE Course at age 63 years and resettling into a newly purchased home which she feels have all been guided by her faith and spiritual beliefs.She believes she has enjoyed a rewarding life and has always been a big, happy, bubbly person. As indicated in previous patterns Patricias body image pervades all patterns of her life suggesting a lowered perception of self.ConclusionPatricia presented as a reasonably healthy woman for her age. She is active and mobile, she feels healthy, her skin, hair and nails look nourished, and her living environment is clean, well maintained and comfortable.Patricia is aware of the need to maintain her health and undertakes preventative measures in order to continue her good health record. The diagnosed hypertension she experiences is appropriately monitored and medication is religiously taken and reviewed regularly. Similarly her need for glasses to assist with vision is regularly checked with her eyewear strength updated as required.She has e xcellent support, and gains spiritual strength, from her husband, family, friends and religious beliefs. She enjoys positive relationships with many of her work colleagues and has sourced alternative mechanisms for debriefing when work becomes stressful. The benefits of Patricias continue working lifestyle assists in her remaining physically and mentally active, slows her agedness decline, provides a social aspect which she enjoys, and allows her the financial means to ensure a comfortable lifestyle.Although Patricia carries an excess amount of weight primarily at her thighs, hips and buttocks, this does not appear to detract from her general feeling of physical wellbeing although her body image and perception of herself were highlighted negatively in more than one pattern.Interestingly, when discussing her self concept pattern Patricia displayed a number of behaviours suggestive of altered self concept, i.e. avoidance of eye contact during such discussion, putting herself down, an d being overly critical of her appearance (Crisp and Taylor 2005, p.500). However, Patricia believes she recognises when she needs to diet or make efforts to reduce her calorie intake and assume more restrained eating habits.Patricia states she snarl comfortable throughout the interview and believes the assessment process effectively established, maintained and concluded interpersonal communication openly, and in a friendly and collateral manner (ANMC 2008).Overall Patricia felt the questions allowed her to positively reflect on her health and wellbeing status (Puentes 2002) thus, reinforcing her belief that she is aging well and maintaining her lifespan appropriately.

Impact of Multinational Corporations on Developing Countries

Impact of Multi home(a) Corporations on Developing CountriesIntroductionFor too tenacious, citizens do been content to follow where organization and multinational corporations ace. The profit motive has be play along immune to attack. It is understood that as long as whatsoeverthing is profitable for sh arholders, nonhing else matters enough Occupy objector CTV Op-ED RT News.The word Multinational is a combined word of Multi and content, which when combined refers to legion(predicate) countries. A Multinational Corporation is a corporation that has its facilities and early(a) worthy assets in at least one province, which is other than its p bent demesne. It is a organization or caller that some(prenominal) produces and sells services and goods in a multitude of countries. Some MNCs throw off a budget which is greater than some sm in all sized countries GDPs. 1Some of the major(ip)(ip) examples of MNCs today atomic number 18 Nokia, McDonalds, Microsoft, exon Mobile and BP.One of the initial MNCs was the East India Company (1600 1874), which is an excellent examples of both the welf ares and drawbacks of much(prenominal) ventures. On one hand there existed a active profit making entity, on the other existed a company operate on internationalist soil, under genuinely little control of the British g everyplacenment, having, tip and running their own private armies, utilizing military causality and at long last taking over administrative functions of India.MNCs thrust come a long way since then and confirm seen a sharp increase in the past few decades. The enactments of active MNCs went from be roughly 7,000 in the 1970s to 78,000 in 2006, being responsible for over half the ball-shaped industrial output. 2Multinational corporations normally bring with them conflicting right away investing, which is direct enthronization in a commonwealth by the company for expanding their breathing employment base or for buying of raw good s and inputs from them.Multinational corporations were the rattling factor in globalization, where topical anaesthetic anesthetic and national governments contestd against each other in order to incentives and attract more MNCs and last, investment in their countries. An example of such incentive is the Free Trade Zones, where goods may be manufactured, handled, landed or plain exported without any intervention of the local custom authorities. Most of these empty trade zones exist in create countries such as Pakistan, Mexico, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, brazil nut and India, as they are eager to attract more foreign investors. 3 rendering of MNCEconomists are not in unanimous hold backment as to how dress hat define trans or multinational corporations. Most MNCs are multidimensional and so-and-so be viewed from a multitude of perspectives. These include Ownership, strategy, management and structural. check to Franklin antecedent (1994), that though some signal that ownership is the key criterion amongst all of the above, a firm truly beats multinational given its parent company or headquarter is run/owned by nationals of varying countries. Examples that fit this household are Unilever and Shell, which are owned and run by Dutch and British interests.However via this test, very few companies would fall under the banner of being a true Multinational company, or else most are uninational. gibe to Howard Perlmutter (1969) 4 multinational companies might pursue either human races oriented, forces untaught oriented or home country oriented policies. He uses these equipment casualty as geocentric, polycentric and ethnocentric, however the last is misleading since it focuses upon ethnicity and race, but most countries are themselves populated by a variety and mix of races, whereas Polycentric path the MNCs trading operations only take place in a couple of foreign countries.Franklin Root (1994) 5 states that MNC is a parent company whichShows implement ation of strategies of pay, securities industrying, staffing and work in its business.Has direct and binding control over its affiliates and their policies.Uses those affiliates to conduct foreign production in several countries.Advantages of MNCsIncreased InvestmentThe primary argument in favor of MNCs is that they enable investment into less developed countries which is essential for their addition. According to this argument, there exists a huge gap between the optimal investment levels and the levels of savings in a country. This gap butt joint be minimize via foreign direct investments, i.e. broadcast of resources from a foreign source in the form of economical injections. proficient TransfersAnother important aspect is the add of technological transfer. Any MNC operating in a certain country involve to have an agreement with the host country about its operating guidelines. This displace be both beneficial or harmful, depending upon the negotiations. If through with( p) right, the MNC would agree to a transfer of technology which would turn out to be very beneficial for the host country, since technological advancements require huge research and development funds that the developing countries just do not have. So it strings smack for them to open up their markets in exchange for a technology that could make them self reliant and self sustaining.Transfer of skillsLike a transfer of technology, MNCs also bring with them a wealth of k promptlyledge and experience. Their staff is amongst the opera hat in the world and employees from the less developed countries learn plethora of skills from them, modify them to train others and have a trickledown effect. Foreign firms pay for and provide world class training to its employees and stimulates intellectual as closely as not bad(p) growth.Trickle down effectsMNCs, via their broad investments enable linkages backward, forward and horizontally. non only does the MNC provide a FDI, but it also benef its companies that it col exertionates with, such as industries that produce complementary goods. The service industry also benefits via the increase in investment. It creates additional demand and improves infrastructure abilities.Increase in Tax revenueAn increase in tax revenue is also an added benefit, since the host country gets to tax them and includes it in their human beings revenue. This send away be used to finance projects that lead to development of infrastructure, ca use economic development.Reduces gap between outstanding and laborLess developed countries are also highly labor sensitive. As in the ratio of great(p) to labor is very low. MNCs employee bulky numbers of the local population reducing this gap, creating jobs and trade and revenue means for the populace. on that point are two effects, direct and indirect. Job creation is direct, plot the increased stimulus in demand and supply is the indirect employment effect.Encourages competitionThis investment e ncourages entrepreneurship and breeds a culture of competition, change magnitude forfeit-enterprise(a)ness amongst local companies, causing them to improve their own goods and services by increasing their aptitude and ultimately quality in order to better compete.Improves Balance of PaymentsAn added benefit of foreign direct investment is that it helps the Balance of Payments of both, the capital and current accounts, of the host country.Criticism of MNCsMultinational corporations do control. They control the politicians. They control the media. They control the warning of consumption, entertainment, thinking. Theyre destroying the planet and laying the foundation for violent outbursts and racial division. Jerry Brown there are two sides to every coin, and this is no different. Critics of MNCs state that the cons far out counterweight the pros that MNC involvement brings to host countries. The primary concern for them is the high levels of unmonitored becharm these companies have on host countries.ColonialismMNCs are seen as a offshoot of western sandwich colonialism, albeit in a more subtle manner. Far from improving the balance of payments on both the current and capital accounts, critics argue that MNCs worsen it. This they argue happens when the profits are repatriated to their own countries. Though the local governments may come to an agreement that a certain portion of their inputs be bought in the local market, this however may come at a cost with interdict impacts upon the less developed countries current accounts.Un bear uponable influenceThe power, influence and return of these MNCs have enabled them to have considerable and highly influential affect on the political dynamics of numerous governments and their countries. The MNCs have been known to use this influence to pressurize governments into letting them become more competitive via the implementation of national policies that is conductive to their end goals, which is ultimately a hefty profit. One major drawback of such reforms is a vast decline in any socio-economic reforms.The command and responsibilities of states is growth in number as MNCs continue to expand economically and geographically. A set of new difficulties have taken rise as MNCs continue to take over most economic activities. Today, they outnumber states in cost of size and power. General Motors is an outstanding example to explain this phenomenon. The MNC is run at a ordered series larger than seven nations together. The power it has in impairment of economics and politics, allows it to control a huge chunk of the world. Hence, it is worthy to note that since the 1990s when there were only 3 MNCs controlling the worlds economies, the number digested up to 15 inwardly the span of 10 years.Their large investment portfolios make MNCs a powerhouse when it comes to the negotiating table and most developing countries cannot match up to their level, enabling the MNCs to get the upper hand. This leads to them coercing the government into implementing policies that favor their needs at the expense of the local industry and market.Technological fraudTechnological transfer agreements are not forever and a day kept, and when kept they are usually skewed in favor of the MNC. Even though most do not agree to a copious transparent technological transfer, even if that comes to pass, the technology passed onto the country is usually obsolete in nature or is patented so it would be of little use to the host country on a global scale.Little or No rightMNCs comprise of international bodies which function beyond the state authorities, in terms of decision making power and the power they hold over financial assets. Though this legitimate challenge has been out there for thirty years now, yet only slight developments have been noted in terms of accountability. The old-fashioned regulative body and the MNCs significant economic and political power have resulted in a clash which makes the regulation of states turn into a major problem. The MNC has surpassed the national intelligent structures and disregarded the delicate international bodies, increasing the already existing burden of fulfilling the basal norms of human rights.Undermine friendly and Economic proper(ip)sThe MNCs controlling and significant position within the international forum increases its opposing competencies. MNCs can easily promote or undermine economic and complaisant rights, which can in turn affect the international community, confirmingly or negatively, depending on the local market of an economy. Though the State lock holds much power over the laws and regulations on an international level, MNCs have a considerable impact over the decision making process of nation-states. As MNCs continue to grow economically and politically, the shift in power is piecemeal becoming visible. It is a must that the MNCs take into consideration the impact that they are leave in developing count ries. As MNCs continue to grow, their interference in the public domain also continues to increase. Their interference, leads to social and economic hazards for the public, i.e., the shareholders, employees, consumers and local populations. There is increasing support that calls for a more rigid and stricter regulation of the responsibilities of MNCs within their new assumed role. The world order is determined via deregulations of economics in nature and the lessening of government responsibilities when it comes to the public domain. This new reality has highlighted the emergence need for regulation, as the influencing powers of various private organizations is increasing. This needs to be done in order to manage policies and knock down the gap. This extends to the customarily governmental earth of political and social policy, which are areas in which the Multinational Companies hold bad-tempered sway.Their contribution, be it positive or negative, will affect the economies, ac cordingly. Hence, a positive outlook on their part is a necessity if economic, cultural and social rights are to be promoted in this growing world of evils.Stifles CompetitionThe superiority of MNCs shines through their competitive nature as the stifle competition by getting subsidized inputs, lowering their costs and then competes with local manufacturers who cannot realistically match up to their prices. This results in a lot of them leaving the field, leaving the MNCs to monopolies the economy and then once in power, to jack up prices.Although FDI is suppose to foster growth, with the inclusion of MNCs it might lead to a loss of jobs as more businesses are put out of work. Although host countries require foreign investors to have a fix percent of local workers, this requirement is on the decline due to WTOs agreement on Trade Related measures on investment.Unmatched budgetsAn offshoot of their influence on the government, the MNCs also have a huge advertising budget, which enabl es them to portray a much better realize in the eyes of the local populace. With budgets that run in the millions, MNCs almost always succeed in gaining mass market shares of their products since the local companies cannot produce/ use up production companies to do the same. This again alienates the local entrepreneurs and makes it harder for the majority of the population.Human Right abusesThe Multinational Corporation is an adaptable and established entity that profits from the principles of neo-liberal economics, as well as the predicament of the home and host state, the combination of which with restricted levels of liability and a decentralized decision-making hierarchy allows for abuses of human rights to take place internationally, by having doubt standards. Moreover, polices of MNCs such as the WTO, OECD, IMF and the World camber, have enabled MNCs to gain a position of considerable influence on agendas of social and economic nature.In this never ending race to be the mos t economical, one major aspect that has not been given much due consideration is connect to the capacity that a state has to meet the terms and conditions of different forms of human rights obligations, i.e. economic, cultural and social rights. In order to meet this challenge, IMF and the World Bank have imposed economic reforms that allow production of goods and services to be worth exporting along with being deregulated and privatized. Foreign investment has become a must. Today, all states are inclined towards easing labor standards and modifying statutory taxes to attract foreign investors. This inclination of states, in turn has led to a major destruction of human rights principles and the capability of states to self-sufficiently regulate their progress. Cooperation is required not only on an international level but also from non-state actors to apology rudimentary societal and financial privileges. As nations continue to fight over sovereignty and the power shift continue s to impact human rights negatively, the international legal structure is fast becoming inadequate to regulate and control the growth of influential non-state players, i.e. MNCs.Environmental impactsEconomic globalization has had quite a cataclysmal impact on state regulation. People have been affected negatively and gradually the impact is increasing and becoming more obvious. The more competitive a nation, the lesser the regulations. Though this tactic is almost perfect in attracting multinational corporations, it is quite destructive in nature. In order to compete with such nations, other states are also forced to decrease their regulatory measures if they wish to get foreigners to invest in their country. No nation wishes to reduce its competitiveness or power. Foreign investors are now consuming the money that should have been legally invested in maintains the rights of the public socially, economically and culturally. Hence, MNCs are free from any legal obligations which may bind them and put a stymy to the activities which are prone to destruct the communities that are subjected to the MNCs treatment.Moving ForwardWith the growing economic power of corporations, an increasing number of domestic and international systems have started relinquishing control over their business over to their locally dominant MNCs. This leads to economic power having a say over political influence, which can be dangerous if left unchecked.The MNCs have complete power over national development, i.e. on matters such as trade, patent and monetary strategies. time regimes remain divided due to contradictory interests (effectiveness versus social modification), MNCs have a terse, vibrant and single-minded aim of creating as much profit as possible profit which allows them to control all parties a national and international level.The abuse faced by developing countries at the hands of MNCs has now become almost unbearable. The international financial structure that accentuates the free market way of thinking, denationalization and a decrease in the involvement of the public sector is thwarting many developing and underdeveloped countries from sanctioning a fair and reasonable progress, on the basis of human rights. MNCs have uncountable funds, are only inclined to maximize profit, use the least amount of employees possible, jump from nation to nation without much consideration , import employees rather than using the local labor, and refuse to acknowledge the social requirements of the state they operate in. either these activities directly impact the socio-economic rights of the public. As a consequence of these elements and several other international monetary problems such as inadequate technology transmission, absence seizure of external investment and the brain drain, various developing countries need guidelines in order to react efficiently to the circumstances. 6There is a growing scruple and anger developing in the developing countries where th e economic and environmental impacts have started to show.ConclusionI was initially recruited while I was in business school back in the late sixties by the National Security Agency, the nations largest and least understood spy organization but ultimately I worked for private corporations. washbasin PerkinsIn his book, Confessions of an Economic Hitman (2004) 7 , John Perkins states how he was hired by such organizations to coerce leaders of developing countries to take high levels of un payable loans in favor of a vigorous short time gain. He states that by doing so, the country would eventually default or ask for more time, upon which these multinationals would sweep in and monopolize the markets.This practice, he emphasized was being carried out globally and under the guise of various fronts. The public must be make aware of such fraudulent activities and they should demand an end to such exploitations.A few sweeping observations can be made. With trade and investment barrier s on the verge of being devalued globally, the penetration of MNCs across the globe, especially in developing markets is bound to increase. This would lead them into further clawing their way into the inner workings of weak governments and increase their socio-politico-cultural influences. With numerous MNCs merging, they are increasing their powers and would be harder to resist.Foreign direct investments has its pros and cons. However they should not be ignored for fear of their adverse effects. Instead policies should be made to better utilize them as the host country sees fit. Foreign capital is one of the primary catalyst of encouraging development, but it should never been do by as an alternate to domestic investments, but rather a component part supplement.Developing countries need to develop more indigenous industries that are equal of competing on a global scale, in a market full of MNCs. This cannot be done if local industries are considered infant industries and given subsidies so they could play safe, rather they should be forced to compete with the best of them, which would enable them to increase their efficiency.Less developed countries should focus internally and improve basic areas, so as to better compete against mega organizations and prevent them from dominating the market. This can only be done if they are made to come to economies of scale and plan on operating on a global scale, rather within the confines of a few local markets. 8Multinational Companies are a reality and they are here to stay for the forseeable future. It is time for countries which have been exploited to start making changes and amend their ways for the better and the kind of the better.

Symmetric Encryption Schemes

Symmetric encoding Schemes2.1 Symmetric encoding SchemesWith radial- depict encoding, the encoding name washstand be calculated from the decipherment reveal and vice versa. With most bilater anyy symmetric algorithmic ruleic ruleic programs, the same(p) find out is apply for both encoding and decryption, as shown in Figure 1.1. Implementations of symmetric- fall upon encryption tidy pith be highly efficient, so that usancers do non experience all signifi drive outt judgment of conviction delay as a pass of the encryption and decryption. Symmetric- diagnose encryption also provides a tip of au sotication, since information encrypted with sensation symmetric differentiate preciselytocksnot be decrypted with any few some other symmetric key. Thus, as coherent as the symmetric key is unploughed secret by the 2 parties development it to encrypt communications, all(prenominal) companionship stub be sure that it is communicating with the other as c ommodious as the decrypted messages continue to make sense.Encryption conk outs normall(a)y take a fixed-size arousal to a fixed-size output signal, so encryption of long-lived units of selective information must(prenominal) be d matchless in one of devil ways each a hamper is encrypted at a time and the blocks ar someway joined to playher to make the figure out schoolbook, or a longer key is generated from a shorter one and XORd against the or bend schoolbookual matterual matter to make the enroll text. Schemes of the former graphic symbol be called block elaborates, and schemes of the latter type ar called well out looks.2.1.1 annul away elaboratesBlock nils take as input the key and a block, oft the same size as the key. Further, the first block is lots increase by a block called the low-level formatting vector, which can add some stochasticness to the encryption.2.1.1.1 stilboestrol algorithmic ruleThe most widely utilize encryption scheme is substructured on Data Encryption streamer (diethylstilbesterol). there atomic number 18 two inputs to the encryption function, the simply text to be encrypted and the key. The unmixed text must be 64 bits in length and key is of 56 bits. First, the 64 bits of evidently text passes finished an initial transposition that rearranges the bits. This is fallowed by 16 rounds of same function, which involves milling machinerystitution electrical switch functions. After 16 rounds of operation, the pre output is swapped at 32 bits position which is passed through final permutation to take in 64 bit cipher text.Initially the key is passed through a permutation function. Then for each of the 16 rounds, a sub key is generated by a combination of left circular firing and permutation.At each round of operation, the plain text is divided to two 32 bit halves, and the fallowing operations are executed on 32 bit refine halve of plain text. First it is expanded to 48 bits using a i nvolution gameboard, then X-ORed with key, then processed in shift tables to generate 32 bit output. This output is permuted using predefined table and XORed with left 32 bit plain text to form right 32 bit pre cipher text of first round. The right 32 bit plain text will form left 32 bit pre cipher text of first round.Decryption uses the same algorithm as encryption, expect that the application of sub keys is reversed. A desirable post of any encryption algorithm is that a small change in either plain text or the key should produce a significant change in the cipher text. This effect is cognize as Avalanche effect which is precise strong in diethylstilboestrol algorithm. Since stilbesterol is a 56 bit key encryption algorithm, if we proceed by wildcat force antiaircraft, the number of keys that are required to break the algorithm is 2 56 . however by dissimilarial crypto summary, it has been proved that the key can be unconnected in 2 47 combinations of grapple plain t exts. By linear crypto analysis it has been proved that, it could be broken by 2 41 combinations of plain text.The stilbesterol algorithm is a basic building block for providing information gage. To apply stilboestrol in a variety of applications, four methods of operations have been defined. These four regularityls are intended to cover all practical applications of encryption for which DES could be utilise. They involve using a low-level formatting vector being used along with key to provided divergent cipher text blocks.2.1.1.1.1 Electronic ordinance Book (ECB) mode ECB mode divides the plaintext into blocks m1, m2, , mn, and computes the cipher text ci = Ei(mi). This mode is vulnerable to many an(prenominal) encounters and is not recommended for use in any protocols. hirer among its defects is its vulnerability to splicing attacks, in which encrypted blocks from one message are re pose with encrypted blocks from another.2.1.1.1.2 fetch out Block Chaining (comple te blood count) mode CBC mode remedies some of the problems of ECB mode by using an initialization vector and chaining the input of one encryption into the next. CBC mode starts with an initialization vector iv and XORs a quantify with the plaintext that is the input to each encryption. So, c1 = Ek(iv XOR m1) and ci = Ek(ci-1 XOR mi). If a unique iv is used, then no splicing attacks can be runed, since each block depends on all previous blocks along with the initialization vector. The iv is a good utilization of a nonce that needs to satisfy Uniqueness but not Unpredictability.2.1.1.1.3 Cipher Feed-Back (CFB) mode CFB mode moves the XOR of CBC mode to the output of the encryption. In other words, the cipher text c1 = p1 XOR Sj(E(IV)). This mode then suffers from failures of Non-Malleability, at least locally to every block, but changes to ciphertext do not propagate very far, since each block of ciphertext is used independently to XOR against a given block to stool the plaintext .These failures can be seen in the next example, in which a message m = m1 m2 mn is divided into n blocks, and encrypted with an iv at a lower place CFB mode to c1 c2 cn. Suppose an opposer substitutes c2 for c2. Then, in decryption, m1 = Ek(iv) XOR c1, which is correct, but m2 = Ek(c1) XOR c2, which means that m2 = m2 XOR c2 XOR c2, since m2 = Ek(c1) XOR c2. Thus, in m2, the adversary can flip any bits of its choice. Then m3 = Ek(c2) XOR c3, which should lead to hit-or-miss looking message not under the adversarys control, since the encryption of c2 should look random. But m4 = Ek(c3) XOR c4 and thereafter the decryption is correct.2.1.1.1.4 Output Feed-Back (OFB) mode OFB mode modifies CFB mode to fertilise back the output of the encryption function to the encryption function without XOR-ing the cipher text.2.1.1.2 Triple DESGiven the potential vulnerability of DES to brute force attack, a peeled mechanism is adopted which uses multiple encryptions with DES and multiple ke ys. The wide-eyedst form of multiple encryptions has two encryption stages and two keys. The boundary with this mechanism is it is susceptible to meet in the middle attack. An obvious homecoming to meet in the middle attack and reducing the cost of increase the key length, a triple encryption method is used, which considers sole(prenominal) two keys with encryption with the first key, decryption with the second key and fallowed by encryption with the first key. Triple DES is a relatively popular alternative to DES and has been adopted for use in key management standards.2.1.1.3 Homomorphic DESA variant of DES called a homophonic DES 7 is considered. The DES algorithm is forcefulnessened by adding some random bits into the plaintext, which are placed in particular positions to maximize scattering, and to resist differential attack. Differential attack makes use of the exclusive-or homophonic DES. In this clean scheme, some random estimated bits are added to the plaintext. Thi s increases the certain plaintext difference with respect to the cipher text.A homophonic DES is a variant of DES that map search plaintext to one of many cipher texts (for a given key). In homophonic DES a desired difference pattern with the cipher text will be suggested with some key set including the correct one, oppositely wrong pairs of cipher text. For a difference pattern which 56-bit plaintext to a 64-bit cipher text using a 56-bit key. In this scheme, eight random bits are placed in specific positions of the 64-bit input entropy block to maximize diffusion.For example, the random bits in HDESS are the bit- positions 25, 27, 29, 31, 57, 59, 61 and 63. In this algorithm, after the initial permutation and expansion permutation in the first round, these eight random bits will expand to bits 2, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18, 20, 24, 26, 30, 32, 36, 38,42,44,48 of the 48-bit input block to the S- lashes and will affect the output of all the S-boxes. The 48 expanded bits must be exclusive-o rd with some key in the first place proceeding to the S-boxes, thus two input bits into the S-boxes derived from the same random bit may have different values. This says that the random bits do not arrange the input to the S-boxes, that is, the property of mental confusion does not reduce while we undertake to maximize diffusion.The decryption of the homophonic DES is similar to the decryption of DES. The scarcely difference is that eight random bits must be removed to get the original plaintext (56 bits). A homophonic DES can easily be transformed into a triple-encryption version by concatenating a DES decryption and a DES encryption after the homophonic DES. Security analysis Thus there is a probability of 1/256 between a pair of texts. The differential crypto analysis is also difficult on this mechanism. The diffusion of bits is also more than in this mode. Thus this mechanism provides some probabilistic features to DES algorithm which makes it stronger from differential an d linear crypto analysis.2.1.1.4 AESThe Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) was elect in 2001. AES is also an iterated block cipher, with 10, 12, or 14 rounds for key sizes 128, 192, and 256 bits, respectively. AES provides high performance symmetric key encryption and decryption.2.1.1.5 Dynamic centralAn apparently new cryptographic mechanism 34 which can be depict as energetic transposition is discussed in the fallowing topic. Although structurally similar to innocent substitution, kinetical substitution has a second selective information input which work ons to re-arrange the content of the substitution table. The mechanism combines two data sources into a complex result under appropriate conditions, a related inverse mechanism can then extract one of the data sources from the result. A dynamic substitution combiner can directly replace the exclusive-OR combiner used in Vernam stream ciphers. The as distinguished techniques used in Vernam ciphers can also be applied to dynamic substitution any cryptographic advantage is thus due to the additive strength of the new combiner.2.1.1.5.1 The Vernam Cipher A Vernam cipher maps plaintext data with a pseud-random sequence to generate cipher text. Since each ciphertext element from a Vernam combiner is the (mod 2) sum of two un cognize values, the plaintext data is supposed to be safe. But this mode is susceptive to several cryptanalytic attacks, including known plain text and cipher text attacks. And if the confusion sequence can be penetrated and reproduced, the cipher is broken. Similarly, if the same confusion sequence is ever re-used, and the overlap identified, it becomes simple to break that section of the cipher.2.1.1.5.2 cryptological Combiners An alternate approach to the design of a secure stream cipher is to seek compounding functions which can resist attack such functions would act to hide the pseudo-random sequence from analysis.The mechanism of this work is a new combining function whi ch extends the weak classical creation of simple substitution into a stronger form suitable for computer cryptography.2.1.1.5.3 renewal Ciphers In simple substitution ciphers each plain text temper is replaced with fixed cipher text character. But this mechanism is weak from statistical analysis methods where by considering the rules of the language, the cipher can be broken. This work is concerned with the cryptographic strengthening of the essential substitution operation through dynamic changes to a substitution table. The substitution table can be represented as a function of not only input data but also a random sequence. This combination gives a cryptographic combining function such a function may be used to combine plaintext data with a pseudo-random sequence to generate enciphered data.2.1.1.5.4 Dynamic Substitution A simple substitution table supported with combining function gives the idea of dynamic substitution. A substitution table is used to translate each data val ue into an enciphered value. But after each substitution, the table is re-ordered. At a minimum, it makes sense to exchange the just-used substitution value with some entry in the table selected at random. This generally changes the just-used substitution value to help stay fresh analysis, and yet retains the existence of an inverse, so that the cipher can be deciphered.2.1.1.5.5 portentous Box Analysis Dynamic substitution may be considered to be a black box, with two input ports Data In and haphazard In, and one output port Combiner Out. In the simple version, each data path has similar width evidently the mechanism inside the box in some way combines the two input streams to produce the output stream. It seems reasonable to analyze the output statistically, for various input streams.2.1.1.5.6 Polyalphabetic Dynamic Substitution A means to defend to known-plaintext and chosen-plaintext attacks would be to use multiple different dynamic substitution maps and to select between t hem using a unfathomable pseudo-random sequence. Thus the dynamic substitution if free from statistical attacks where each character of plain text is replaced with multiple characters of cipher text which makes the mechanism robust.2.1.1.5.7 inhering State Dynamic substitution contains internal data which after initialization is continuously re-ordered as a consequence of both incoming data streams thus, the internal state is a function of initialization and all ulterior data and confusion values. The changing internal state of dynamic substitution provides necessary surety to the data streams.Thus dynamic substitution provides a probabilistic nature to the enciphering mechanism. The limitation with this scheme is, not only different dynamic substitution tables has to be maintained but also the pseudo random sequence which selects between these dynamic substitution tables has to be divided up between rateer and recipient role.2.1.1.6 NoncesA nonce 29 is a bit filament that sa tisfies Uniqueness, which means that it has not occurred before in a given tramp of a protocol. Nonces might also satisfy Unpredictability, which effectively requires pseudo- racket no adversary can predict the next nonce that will be chosen by any principal. thither are several common sources of nonces equal counters, time slots and so on.2.1.1.6.1 Nonce Based Encryption In this work a different formalization for symmetric encryption is envisaged. The encryption algorithm is made to be a deterministic function, but it is supported with initialization vector (IV). Efficiency of the user is made success of this mode. The IV is a nonce like value, used at most once inside a session. Since it is used at most once having any sort of crypto analysis is practically not possible which provides sufficient security.2.1.1.7 One-Time Pad EncryptionOne more encryption mechanism for providing security to data is one time pad 13 encryption. The functions are computed as follows A and B check o ut on a random number k that is as long as the message they later want to send.Ek(x) = x XOR kDk(x) = x XOR kNote that since k is chosen at random and not known to an adversary, the output of this scheme is indistinguishable to an adversary from a random number. But it suffers from several limitations. It is susceptible to chosen plain text and chosen cipher text attacks. Again the limitation is here is sharing of one time keys by the participating parties of the encryption scheme. As a new key is forever and a day used for encryption, a continuous sharing of key mechanism has to be employed by the participating parties.2.1.2 Stream ciphers contrasted block ciphers, stream ciphers 14 (such as RC4) produce a pseudo-random sequence of bits that are then combined with the message to give an encryption. Since the combining operation is often quantify XOR, naive implementations of these schemes can be vulnerable to the sort of bit-flipping attacks on Non-Malleability. both types of st ream ciphers exist synchronous, in which state is kept by the encryption algorithm but is not correlated with the plaintext or cipher text, and self synchronizing, in which some information from the plaintext or cipher text is used to inform the operation of the cipher.Ronald Rivest of RSA developed the RC4 algorithm, which is a shared out key stream cipher algorithm requiring a secure exchange of a shared key. The algorithm is used identically for encryption and decryption as the data stream is simply XORed with the generated key sequence. The algorithm is serial as it requires resultant exchanges of state entries rest homed on the key sequence. Hence implementations can be very computationally intensive. In the algorithm the key stream is altogether independent of the plaintext used. An 8 * 8 S-Box (S0 S255), where each of the entries is a permutation of the rime 0 to 255, and the permutation is a function of the variable length key. There are two counters i, and j, both ini tialized to 0 used in the algorithm.2.1.2.1.1 Algorithm Features 1.It uses a variable length key from 1 to 256 bytes to initialize a 256-byte state table. The state table is used for subsequent generation of pseudo-random bytes and then to generate a pseudo-random stream which is XORed with the plaintext to give the cipher text. Each element in the state table is swapped at least once.2. The key is often limited to 40 bits, because of export restrictions but it is sometimes used as a 128 bit key. It has the capability of using keys between 1 and 2048 bits. RC4 is used in many commercialized software packages such as sacred lotus Notes and Oracle Secure.3. The algorithm works in two phases, key frame-up and ciphering. During a N-bit key setup (N being your key length), the encryption key is used to generate an encrypting variable using two arrays, state and key, and N-number of potpourri operations. These mixing operations consist of swapping bytes, modulo operations, and other fo rmulas.2.1.2.1.2 Algorithm Strengths The difficulty of lettered which location in the table is used to select each value in the sequence. A particular RC4 Algorithm key can be used only once and Encryption is about 10 times faster than DES. Algorithm Weakness One in every 256 keys can be a weak key. These keys are identified by cryptanalysis that is able to find circumstances under which one of more generated bytes are strongly correlated with a few bytes of the key.Thus some symmetric encryption algorithms have been discussed in this chapter. They varies from block ciphers like DES, Triple DES, Homomorphic DES to stream ciphers like RC4. To the symmetric encryption mechanisms patterns like application of Nounce and dynamic substitution are discussed which provides randomness to the encryption mechanism. This probabilistic nature to the encryption mechanism provides sufficient strength to the algorithms against Chosen Cipher text attacks(CCA). The security with all these mechanis ms lies with proper sharing of keys among the different participating parties.2.1.3 Adoptability of some numeral functions in CryptographySign Function 26,27 This function when applied on when applied on a matrix of values, converts all the positive values to 1, negative values to -1 zero with 0. The advantage of using this function in cryptography is it cannot be a reversible process ie we cannot get back to the original matrix by applying a reverse process.modular Arithmetic One more function that is widely used in cryptography is modular arithmetic of a number with a base value. It will generate the remainder of a number with respect to the base value. This function is widely used in universal key cryptography.2.2 Public- key Encryption The most commonly used implementations of exoteric-key 13,14 encryption are based on algorithms patented by RSA Data Security. Therefore, this section describes the RSA approach to public-key encryption.Public-key encryption (also called unsy mmetric encryption) involves a pair of keys a public key and a esoteric key, used for security trademark of data. Each public key is published, and the jibe head-to-head key is kept secret. Data encrypted with one key can be decrypted only with other key.The scheme shown in Figure 1.2 says public key is distributed and encryption being done using this key. In general, to send encrypted data, one encrypts the data with the receivers public key, and the person receiving the encrypted data decrypts it with his private key.Compared with symmetric-key encryption, public-key encryption requires more computation and is whence not always appropriate for large amounts of data. However, a combination of symmetric asymmetric schemes can be used in real time environment. This is the approach used by the SSL protocol.As it happens, the reverse of the scheme shown in Figure 1.2 also works data encrypted with ones private key can be decrypted only with his public key. This may not be an in teresting way to encrypt great data, however, because it means that anyone with receivers public key, which is by definition published, could decipher the data. And also the important requirement with data transfer is authentication of data which is supported with Asymmetric encryption schemes, which is an important requirement for electronic commerce and other commercial applications of cryptography.2.2.1 Key Length and Encryption StrengthIn general, the strength of encryption algorithm depends on difficulty in getting the key, which in turn depends on both the cipher used and the length of the key. For the RSA cipher, the strength depends on the difficulty of factoring large numbers, which is a well-known mathematical problem.Encryption strength is often described in terms of the length of the keys used to perform the encryption, means the more the length of the key, the more the strength. Key length is heedful in bits. For example, a RC4 symmetric-key cipher with key length of 128 bits supported by SSL provide significantly better cryptographic protection than 40-bit keys for use with the same cipher. It means 128-bit RC4 encryption is 3 x 1026 times stronger than 40-bit RC4 encryption. Different encryption algorithms require variable key lengths to achieve the same level of encryption strength.Other ciphers, such as those used for symmetric key encryption, can use all possible values for a key of a given length, rather than a subset of those values. Thus a 128-bit key for use with a symmetric-key encryption cipher would provide stronger encryption than a 128-bit key for use with the RSA public-key encryption cipher.This says that a symmetric encryption algorithm with a key length of 56 bits achieve a equal security to Asymmetric encryption algorithm with a key length of 512 bits,2.2.2 RSA Key Generation AlgorithmTwo large prime numbers are considered. Let them be p,q.Calculate n = pq and () phi = (p-1)(q-1).Select e, such that 1 Calculate d, such that ed 1 (mod phi).One key is (n, e) and the other key is (n, d). The values of p, q, and phi should also be kept secret.n is known as the modulus.e is known as the public key.d is known as the secret key.EncryptionSender A does the following- drum the recipient Bs public key (n, e).Identify the plaintext message as a positive integer m.Calculate the ciphertext c = me mod n.Transmits the ciphertext c to receiver B.Decryption pass receiver B does the following-Consider his own private key (n, d) to compute the plain text m = cd mod n.Convert the integer to plain text form.2.2.3 Digital writeSender A does the following-This concept can also be used in digital signing as well. The message to be transmitted is converted to some message synopsis form. This message digest is converted to encryption form using his private key. This encrypted message digest is transmitted to receiver.Signature verificationRecipient B does the following-Using the senders public key, the legitimate message dige st is decrypted. From the received message, the receiver independently computes the message digest of the information that has been signed.If both message digests are identical, the signature is valid.Compared with symmetric-key encryption, public-key encryption provides authentication security to the data transmitted but requires more computation and is because not always appropriate for large amounts of data.2.3. Probabilistic encryption schemesIn public key encryption there is always a theory of some information being leaked out. Because a crypto analyst can always encrypt random messages with a public key, he can get some information. Not a whole of information is to be gained here, but there are potential problems with allowing a crypto analyst to encrypt random messages with public key. Some information is leaked out every time to the crypto analyst, he encrypts a message.With probabilistic encryption algorithms 6,11, a crypto analyst can no longer encrypt random plain text s looking for correct cipher text. Since multiple cipher texts will be developed for one plain text, even if he decrypts the message to plain text, he does not know how far he had guessed the message correctly. To illustrate, assume a crypto analyst has a certain cipher text ci. Even if he guesses message correctly, when he encrypts message the result will be completely different cj. He cannot compare ci and cj and so cannot know that he has guessed the message correctly. nether this scheme, different cipher texts will be formed for one plain text. Also the cipher text will always be large than plain text. This develops the concept of multiple cipher texts for one plain text. This concept makes crypto analysis difficult to apply on plain text and cipher text pairs.An encryption scheme consists of three algorithms The encryption algorithm transforms plaintexts into cipher texts while the decryption algorithm converts cipher texts back into plaintexts. A third gear algorithm, called the key root, creates pairs of keys an encryption key, input to the encryption algorithm, and a related decryption key needed to decrypt. The encryption key relates encryptions to the decryption key. The key generator is considered to be a probabilistic algorithm, which prevents an adversary from simply running the key generator to get the decryption key for an intercepted message. The following concept is crucial to probabilistic cryptography2.3.1 Definition Probabilistic AlgorithmA probabilistic algorithm 11 is an algorithm with an additional command RANDOM that returns 0 or 1, each with probability 1/2. In the literature, these random choices are often referred to as coin flips.2.3.1.1 Chosen Cipher Text AttackIn the simplest attack model, known as Chosen Plaintext Attack (CPA) 5, the adversary has access to a machine that will perform compulsory encryptions but will not reveal the shared key. This machine corresponds intuitively to being able to see many encryptions of many messages before trying to decrypt a new message. In this case, Semantic Security requires that it be computationally hard for any adversary to distinguish an encryption Ek(m) from Ek(m) for two arbitrarily chosen messages m and m. Distinguishing these encryptions should be hard even if the adversary can request encryptions of arbitrary messages. Note that this property cannot be satisfied if the encryption function is deterministic In this case, the adversary can simply request an encryption of m and an encryption of m and compare them. This is a point that one should all remember when implementing systems encrypting under a deterministic function with no randomness in the input does not provide Semantic Security. One more crypto analytical model is Chosen Cipher text Attack (CCA) Model. below the CCA model, an adversary has access to an encryption and a decryption machine and must perform the same task of distinguishing encryptions of two messages of its choice. First, the adversa ry is allowed to interact with the encryption and decryption services and choose the pair of messages. After it has chosen the messages, however, it only has access to an encryption machine. An advancement to CCA Model is Chosen Cipher text Attack 2 (CCA2). CCA2 security has the same model as CCA security, that that the adversary retains access to the decryption machine after choosing the two messages. To support this property from being trivially violated, we require that the adversary not be able to decrypt the cipher text it is given to analyze.To make these concepts of CCA CCA2 adoptable in real time environment, recently Canetti, Krawczyk and Nielsen defined the notion of replayable adaptational chosen ciphertext attack 5 secure encryption. Essentially a cryptosystem that is RCCA secure has expert CCA2 security except for the little detail that it may be possible to modify a ciphertext into another ciphertext containing the s

Experimental Case Study On Pond Ash Replacement Engineering Essay

Experimental Case Study On syndicate alter Replacement Engineering EssayAbstractThis explore studies the potential of using puddle modify from hiddennagar thermal Power Plant, Bhusawal, Dist. Jalgaon, as a collapse reclamation with gritst maven in poultice daub. puddle change is r bely used in cover due to its tranquil pozzolanic reaction may be used as a book aggregate in mortar mix used for plastering purpose, improves the choice of plastered rear in terms of potence and durability. When pool modify tree was used at a 20% refilling of horse sense to establish mortar mix, produced higher(prenominal) percentage compressive efficacy as advantageously as a higher development rate than those of the tralatitious cement sand mortar mix. As a result of the compressive strengths, it was concluded that puddle alter could be used as a good heterotaxy corporeal in mortar. It is proposed to perform some line of merchandise and laboratory experiments on antith etic mix proportions of syndicate modify and plaster sand and to compare the results with traditional plaster mortar. The cubical warnings were strained to determine compressive strength. The Soundness test is performed to drive in the meter of elaborateness subsequently the setting time. With the help of Davel abrasion test, it is come-at-able to relatively compare the abrasion values of the incompatible proportions of the plaster mortar cubes. In the investigation some field and laboratory experiments on incompatible mix proportions of puddle alter and plaster sand are do and the results are compared with traditional cement-sand plaster mortar. out-of-pocket to kitty modify replacement, the sign strength gaining process is quite black but in later stages it gains very good strength as compare to traditional mortar mixes. Workability of mortar mix is growthd due to addendum of pond ash, which bequeath result in the reduced w/c ratio. Change in the multitude of hardened mortar is very less due to addition of pond ash, which results less occurrence of scrape up cracks.Keywords- Mortar, Pond change, Pozzolonic.1. INTRODUCTION1.1 worldwidePond ash is the screw up product from well-nigh of the thermic advocate plants in India. The vanish ash gets conflate with ass ash and oust off in oversize pond dykes as slurry. Pond ash contains relatively earthy particles. The huge amount of pond ash hive away around the thermal position stations is still posing menace to environment. The utilization of pond ash as a building substantial is one of the affirmable way of its sustainable management. In the present study, an search is made to ascertain the possibility of using the pond ash as a replacement of sand in plaster mortar.Origin of Pond AshPond ash is the waste product from most of thermal spring plants in India. The locomote ash gets mixed with bottom ash and disposed off in large pond or dykes as slurry. Pond ash contains r elatively coarse particles. As Pond ash is being produced at an alarming rate, efforts are required to fullly dispose it and if possible find ways of utilizing it.Necessity of Pond Ash cautionIt is estimated that by the end of tenth planned period an additional 124000 Mega wolfram (MW) of mogul sector expansion will require in India to amass the raising demands of energy. So the quantum of Pond ash generation will increase in future. It has warranted the scientific as well as in sploshrial residential district to initiates research and development work for finding innovative use and safe disposal of Pond ash so that instead of a waste product, the pond ash shadow be utilize in large quantities in unhomogeneous engineering works. The ash produced in thermal precedent plants nominate cause all three environmental risks air, surface pissing and establish wet pollution. Air pollution is caused by direct emissions of hepatotoxic gases from the power plants as well as win d blown ash dust from ash ponds. The air borne dust idler fall in surface water system or soil and may befoul the water/soil system. The wet system of disposal in most power plants causes discharge of particulate of ash directly into the nearby surface water system. 2Sources of Pond Ash in IndiaIn India as scorch based Thermal Power Plant has contributes to 75% to the total power generation. The scorch reserves of the country is predominately of lower grade of non-cooking and as a result the quantity of ash produced will also increase. The Indian coal on an average has 35% ash and this is one of the prime federal agents which caterpillar tread to increase ash production. Hence, ash utilization is a problem for the country. The Indian Thermal power plant uses high ash and inferior step non-cooking coal. Present Indias Thermal installed capacity to an estimate is 1, 00,000 MW and coal exercise for Thermal power generation required is 300 million MT each year. Use of coal bri ngs many problems, primarily due to huge amount of ash, which is produced by-product of the process of power generation. Out of total ash produced, drop ash contributes to small percentage, majority being pond ash and bottom ash.Environmental ConsiderationThe ash produced in thermal power plants can cause all three environmental risks air, surface water and ground water pollution. Air pollution is caused by direct emissions of toxic gases from the power plants as well as wind blown ash dust from ash ponds. The air borne dust can fall in surface water system or soil and may contaminate the water/soil system. The wet system of disposal in most power plants causes discharge of particulate of ash directly into the nearby surface water system. The long storage of ash in the ponds under wet origin and humid climate can cause leaching of toxic metals from ash and contaminate the underlying soil and ultimately the ground water system. Kumar 21.6 existent Use of Pond AshThe literature ava ilable specifically on the use of pond ash is scarce. However in general the fly ash has lot of potential for its sustainable use. The use of fly ash in the gimmick of road and embankment has been successfully demonstrated in the country. The Ministry of move up Transport (MOST) and Central Public Works Department (CPWD) have current the use of fly ash and have executed many projects. The fly ash can be utilized in cement concrete and mortar as an ingredient / fond(p) replacement of cement and sand. The replacement of OPC may vary from 15 to 35 % or even higher percentage in mass concrete. BIS 456 5 The pond ash is also utilized in manufacturing of Light Weight Aerated Concrete (LWAC) products such as blocks, panels, reinforced slab, etc. which are much lighter than conventional reals. The bulk dumbness of product ranges from 500kg/cum to 1800kg/cum, depending upon reinforcement. The use of block in housing construction can results nearly40 % reduction in dead weight, 50 % sa ving in construction time and about 80 % saving in consumption of mortar in comparison to conventional brick work. The fly ash (90-95%) mixed with OPC (5-10%), along with the water make the flow able fill textile termed as Controlled Low enduringness hooey (CLSM), which can use in the dependent areas where placing and compaction is very difficult such as differentiate trenches, utilities structure like mines, tunnels, tanks and trenches in road pavement cut. The use of pond ash in mine fill material is one of the possible alternatives to be considered by various agencies. The optimum utilization of pond ash through mine void filling by High concentrate Slurry Disposal (HSDS) system may prove a plausible radical of pond ash management. The use of fly ash in farming applications has been well demonstrated and is gaining momentum in the agriculture sector of country. This is woof up in Karnataka, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh and for wasteland reclamation in Uttar Pradesh. 5Ov erview of the be afterIn this investigation partial replacement of sand by pond ash in plaster mortar is attempted. It is possible to use pond ash as fine aggregate without compromising on strength and durability. This study opens up a major avenue for the utilization of pond ash. Studies are done on pond ash sample from Deep Nagar Thermal Power Plant, Bhusawal, Dist. Jalgaon. The large case utilization of Pond Ash would be possible and this will fetch major contributing factor for reducing pollution. Sand, precious innate resources, is becoming scarce and quarrying of this has been restricted in many states in India, this has made to look for the possibility for partial replacement of sand by Pond ash. It is proposed to perform some field and laboratory experiments on different mix proportions of pond ash and plaster sand and to compare the results with traditional plaster mortar. The flow diagram in figure-1, shows the detail procedure.Figure 1 Overview of Experimental Program me2. POND ash tree IN PLASTER MORTAR2.1 Proportioning of MortarThe experimental programme utilizes the ponded ash from DeepNagar Thermal Power Plant and tests were conducted in field as well as in laboratory. The mortar mixes were considered at pond ash replacement percentage of 0, 20, 25, and 30 and with mix proportions of cement pond ash sand and additional proportion of cement fly ash sand. Hand mixing, with volume batching was done. 1, 9Proportion% ReplacementcementumPond ash ReplacementsandW/C RatioP-1510.254.751.10P-21010.504.501.10P-31510.754.251.10P-42011.0041.10P-52511.253.751.10P-63011.503.501.10P-701051.10Table 1 Different Proportion of Mortar Mixes2.2 Plastering ProcessThe surface to be plastered was cleaned and freed from dust, loose material, oil, grease, mortar dropping, sticking of foreign matter, trace of algae, etc. Raking of joint was carried out along with masonry and checked out thoroughly so as to receive good key. The plaster was provided in two come outs. o nerousness of undercoat was 15mm and balanced in the succor finishing coat. The second coat was of 10 mm. The under coat was allowed to dry and shrink before applying the second coat of plaster. After a suitable time interval (After 2 days) the second coat was applied. 7, 8. Figure -2 show different patches of plaster.Figure 2 Plastering Process on Brick Wall2.3 Compression TestThe muscular contraction test has been carried out on specimens cubical in shape. The cube specimen is of the size 7.07 x 7.07 x 7.07 cm. Three specimen samples for all proportions are prepared. Universal testing machine (UTM) of 400 kN capacity was used in testing the mixes.Figure 3 Compression Test Sample-Before and After overrefinementThe mortar was filled into the mould in three horizontal surfaces approximately. Each layer was compacted by hand. After the top layer compacted, the surface of the mortar was blameless with the top mould, using a trowel. The test specimens were submerged in the water fo r 7 and 28 days.Universal testing machine (UTM) of 400 kilogram unexampledton (kN) capacity was used in testing the mixes. Compression test was carried out for 7 day and 28days strength for the different proposed proportions are shown in the Table 2.SNProportionP.A.Replacement7 day Comp. Strength28day Comp. Strength1P-15%3.317.682P-210%4.118.793P-315%4.919.894P-420%5.2711.005P-525%5.8710.926P-630%5.0410.237P-70%2.516.57Table 2. Compression Test Results of Pond Ash Mortar SpecimensFigure disposed(p) below shows the graph of ploughshare Pond Ash Replacement v/s 7 and 28 Days Compressive Strength.Figure 4 Percentage Pond Ash Replacement v/s 7 and 28 Days Compressive Strength.2.4 Soundness Test Using Le-Chateliers ApparatusThe mortar after preparation is liable to expand after the setting action is complete. It is one of the causes of cracking of plaster mortar. The Soundness test is, therefore, performed to know the amount of expansion after the setting time. 6 Table 3 shows expand ing upon of the mortar for different proportions.2.5 Davel lettuce TestThis research work does non deal with the coarse aggregate as the coarse aggregate is not the constituent material for the mortar. But with the help of this test, the abrasion values of the different proportions of the plaster mortar cubes can be relatively compared. The abrasion value determined should not be more than 16 % for the concrete aggregates. Table 4 gives Davel Abrasion Test Results for different mortar mixes.SNProportions% RepltFinal Exp.(mm)InitialExp.(mm) summationExp.(mm)1P-15131122P-210141133P-315131034P-420141135P-525151236P-630131127P-7015114Figure 5 Soundness Test Using Le-Chateliers ApparatusTable 3 Expansion for different Mortar Mixes.SNProportions% RepltInitial Wt. of Cube(kg)Crush going thr. sieveAbrn Value1150.7860.1113.7522100.7860.1012.7533150.7960.1012.544200.7860.0941255250.7860.09812.566300.7960.10127700.7850.1215Table 4 Davel Abrasion Test Results3. CONCLUSIONFrom the experimenta l results on the replacement of Pond Ash as Replacement with Sand in Plaster Mortar, the conclusions can be drawn as, the use of Pond Ash as part replacement for sand in plaster mortar gives higher compressive strength than traditional mortar mixes. Part replacement with 20 % Pond Ash in mortar, gives higher compressive strength then the other percentage replacements (0%,5%, 10%, 15%, 25% 30%), when tested for 28 days compressive strength. Due to Pond Ash replacement, the initial strength gaining process is quite slow but in later stages it gains very good strength as compare to traditional mortar mixes.The problem of disposing pond ash can is reduced by utilizing it in large quantity in various engineering work. In the present study, the possibility of using a topically available fine grained pond ash as a replacement of sand in plaster mortar has been tested and analyzed. This study opens up a major avenue for the utilization of pond ash. The large scale utilization of Pond Ash w ould be possible and this will become major contributing factor for reducing pollution.4. REFRENCES1 A.M. Pandey, L.M. Gupta, Proportions of concrete ingredients and their significance in compressive strength Indian Concrete journal, Vol.81, June 2007, pp.15-272 Kumar (2004), Dr Virender Kumar Compaction and Permeability Study of Pond Ash Amended with Locally Available Soil and Hardening Agent. Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India), Vol.85, May2004, pp 31-35.3 Chai Cheerarot (2003), Chai Jaturapitakkul and Raungrut Cheerarot. Development of Bottom Ash as Pozzolanic Material. Journal of Material in Civil Engineering, Vol. 15, No. 1, January/February 2003, pp.48-534 S.K.Sekar, P.Devdas, U.John, Performance of Fly ash Concrete, New Building Material and Construction World, Volume-81, No.06, July-2003, pp.46.5 FAUP (2005), Fly Ash Utilization ProgrammeFly Ash Management in India An Integrated Approach , Proceeding of Fly Ash, India-2005, internationalistic Congress, Dec. 200 5, Convention Hall, Hotel Ashok, New Delhi, India.6 BIS 383 (1970), Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregate from natural Sources for Concrete (Second Revision), Bureau of Indian Standards. Manak Bhavan, 9, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg IN-New Delhi 110002.7 BIS 1661 (1972), Code of Practice for Application of Cement and Cement Plaster Finishes, Bureau of Indian Standards. Manak Bhavan, 9, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg IN-New Delhi 110002.8 BIS 2402 (1963), Code of Practice for outside Rendered Finishes, Bureau of Indian Standards. Manak Bhavan, 9, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg IN-New Delhi 110002.9 BS 53901976, Code of Practice for Stone Masonry, BSI British Standards, Customer Services, 389, Chiswick High Road, London, W4 4AL, United Kingdom.

Differences Between Greek And Roman Gods Theology Religion Essay

Differences Between Grecian And papistical Gods Theology Religion EssayFrom superannuated times diametric societies have worshiped divinity fudges, believing in their power and universe afraid of their fury. People have prayed and made sacrifices in order to obtain the gods mercy and generosity. They believed that, if the gods ar in good mood, they will provide race with good weather conditions for growing crops1. Moreover, plurality needed explanations for diametrical natural phenomena, such as rain, drought, lightning, thunder and earthquake. So, quaint people believed that these natural phenomena atomic number 18 caused by the gods2. A good example of such societies could be ancient Hellenics and Romans. Ancient classics and Romans existed in the middle ages. This essay will describe main gods and goddesses of ancient Grecian and Roman societies. It will also look at main similarities and differences between the gods and goddesses of theses societies.Investigati onTo begin with, there ar a lot of similarities between Greek and Roman gods, because Roman organized religion was establish on Greek religion. The Greek mythology was founded about a millennium origin every(prenominal)y the Roman. Romans founded their religion on the basis of the Greek religion.3So, Greek and Roman religions are similar, because twain of them are polytheistic religions.4Polytheism is belief in, or worship of, quaternary gods or divinities.5There were more than than thirty gods in each of these cultures.Furthermore, Greeks and Romans had on the dot about the same gods, despite differences in their names. As an example, both cultures had the god of sea, the goddess of love, the god of war, the god of wine and the goddess of wisdom.6Importantly, there was a chief god, who was the mightiness of all gods, in both Greek and Roman societies. In Greek mythology the king of gods is known as Zeus, whereas Romans call the king of gods Jupiter.7There is also a sissy of gods in Greek and Roman mythologies. Greeks call the queen Hera, whereas Romans queen of gods is Juno.8Finally, both ancient societies have cardinal main gods and goddesses. In Greek mythology they are known as the Twelve Olympians.9They are Zeus, Poseidon, Aid, Ares, Apollo, Hermes, Hephaestus, Hera, Athena, Aphrodite, Artemis, and Dionysus. Greeks call these twelve main gods and goddesses as follows Jupiter, Neptune, Pluton, Mars, Feb, Mercury, Volcano, Juno, Minerva, Venus, Diana, and Bacchus.10Actually, they are the same gods and goddesses with same powers, but with different names.Even though the Roman religion is based on the Greek religion, there are number of differences between gods of these societies. Romans have non just adopted their religion from Greeks. They have also changed their religion according to their culture.11So, if you involve about Rome and Greek gods and goddesses, you will get out differences in their names. Romans gave their gods names that are di fferent from names of Greek gods. Thus, there are only few Greek and Roman gods and goddesses that have similar names. Usually Roman gods and goddesses have names of planets of the sun system, such as Jupiter, Mercury, Neptune and Mars. In contrast, Greek gods and goddesses have their own names, such as Zeus, Hermes, Ares and Hera.12For example, the goddess of love is Venus in Roman mythology and Aphrodite in Greek mythology. Romans call the god of war Mars, part Greeks call Ares. The god of sea is called Neptune in Roman mythology and Poseidon in Greek mythology.13Furthermore, if you read about Roman and Greek gods, you will notice differences in characters of gods and goddesses. Gods and goddesses usually have characters similar to people that believe and pray to them, because people think up their gods themselves.14Ancient Greeks were polite and creative. They held creativity above sensual works in the mortal and mythical world.15Greeks were also interested in poetry. In contr ast, Romans were more focused on actions rather than on words. They valued bravery and courage.16So, Roman gods and goddesses are more military and aggressive, whereas Greek gods and goddesses are more cultural and polite.Finally, when you look at pictures of Greek and Roman gods or goddesses, you will see differences in their clothes and physical appearance. Ancient Greeks passing valued creativity and beauty. So, Greek gods and goddesses were usually given a sightly and perfect physical appearance.17They were dressed into white and light cloth. By contrast, Romans were more focused on warfare and valued bravery. So, Rome gods and goddesses had military clothes. Romans did not pay much attention on physical appearance of gods and goddess.18 conclusionIn conclusion, by comparing Greek and Roman gods, you can see both similarities and differences between gods of the two ancient societies. Greek and Roman religions are similar, because the Roman mythology was founded based on the G reek. Religions of both ancient societies are polytheistic religions. Moreover, both cultures have almost the same gods with the same powers. Finally, there are twelve main gods, known as the Twelve Olympians, in both cultures. However, Greek and Roman gods also differ from each other, because Romans have changed their religion according to their own culture. So, Roman and Greek gods had different names. Furthermore, there is a difference in characters of Greek and Roman Gods. And finally, Greek and Roman gods had different physical appearances and wore different clothes. Therefore, Greek and Roman gods have similarities as closely as having some differences.

Got Those OPEC Blues Again And Rational Exuberance :: essays research papers fc

Got those OPEC Blues Again and Rational Exuberance succinctSince March of 1999, when the price of West Texas Intermediate underbred cover was at $13 a barrel, we have seen a steady change magnitude in prices in all phases of the parsimony. OPEC, the organization that is largely responsible for setting proceeds goals in the Middle East, was under fire to find ways to increase prices. OPEC members at this time pledged to cut back the return of crude and push oil prices higher. (Business Week, 48) The results were better than most expected crude oil prices were almost $27 a barrel on November 23, 1999, the highest price since the 1991 disjuncture War. (Business Week, 48) The demand for oil is outpacing current supply by 2.8 million barrels, cause some in Congress to push for relief by tapping into the strategic Petroleum restrains. (Business Week, 49) The rapid increases in prices have had a welcome way out on Big Oil, however. Companies such as BP Amoco, Chevron and august/ Dutch Shell Group have posted 15% increases in earnings (Business Week, 49) This trend is expected to continue, with L Bruce Lanni, an analyst at CIBC ara Markets Inc. noting, I see clear sailing ahead for the next devil to three years. (Business Week, 49)Happy days are here again This quote, renowned by Jodie Allen of U.S. News and World Report, refers to the booming U.S. economy. (Allen, 71) The stock market, as of November 8, 1999 was travel high, posting strong gains, prompting inflationary fears and a hard look-over of the situation by Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan. However, the numbers are extraordinary. The Gross Domestic product surged at an annual rate of 4.8% in the third quarter of 1999. The employment cost index, which measures total compensation pay to workers in a broad sampling of jobs, rose by 3.1 share over the past 12 months. (Allen, 71) But, cautions Princeton economist Alan blinder, this is a change in the measurement system, not in the reality. (Allen, 71) Still, he concedes, the underlying reality was spirit good even in the older data. (Allen, 71) Even in this obviously booming economy, Greenspan warns It is not clear whether interest rate hikes the Federal Reserve has already made will suffice to prevent overheating of the economy (Allen, 71)APPLICATIONIn the case of OPECs decision to cut supply to raise prices, it is clear that all sectors of the economy will be stirred in some way.

Macbeth :: essays research papers

At the beginning Shakespe atomic number 18 presents Macbeth as a sort of hero. He is presented as a great warrior and loyal servant of the king, Duncan. However, as we progress through the feed we see another side of Macbeth. This is the side of evil all military grouped by his unstoppable lust for power and greatness. We see this lust for power become stronger and stronger until he leaves the whole of Scotland in a terrible state.The prank starts with the witches talking intimately Macbeth and what a great warrior he is. In Shakespeares time witches were thought of as evil and the fact that they were talking round Macbeth made the listening make the connection between Macbeth and evil. The witches also moderate the audience the setting of the play and the story so far. They tell the audience about the battle in which Macbeth is fighting and that they will meet Macbeth on his return. When the king hears of Macbeths heroics in battle he is very gay and refers to him as valia nt cousin, worthy gentleman. The king also presents Macbeth with the title of the Thane of Cawdor. This vindicatory adds to Macbeths already great status and shows him to be even more of a hero. This is backed up again by the sergeant who refers to him as hold Macbeth and Valours minion. Ross also admires his bravery by referring to him as Bellonas bridegroom.The graduation exercise time we see Macbeth is when he pull rounds on the heath where the witches are settled. Even before Macbeth appeared for the first time we had quite a actualise picture of him. The first words Macbeth speaks, So fair and foul a day I neer have seen mirror the first words we hear from the witches. When Macbeth meets the witches they seem to know a lot about him and start implanting the idea of becoming king in his mind. Macbeth is taken aback by the witches and their prophecies which suggests that Macbeth has thought about it before and is frightened that his secret has been uncovered.When the messeng ers arrive with the news that Macbeth has earned the title of Thane of Cawdor this acts as a catalyst in his lust for power and quest to become king. The contrast between Macbeth and Banquos status towards the prophecies shows how Macbeth has great ambitions and is starting to think about killing the king.

Truth And Lies About The Computer Virus :: essays research papers

Truth and Lies About the Computer VirusWalk into any electronic computing device store today and there will be at least(prenominal) twenty orthirty computer virus programs. From the looks of it computer viruses hurlgotten out of hand and so has the business of stopping it. The computer substance abusermust cut through the media hype of apocoliptic viruses and shareware programsand discover the real facts.      originally we even start the journey of exploring the computer virus we must basic eliminate all the "fluff." The computer user needs to understand how culture about viruses reaches the public. Some wiz creates the virus and accordingly infects at least one computer. The virus crashes or ruins the infectedcomputer. A anti-virus company obtains a reduplicate of the virus and studies it. Theanti-virus company makes an "unbiased" decision about the virus and thendisclose their findings to the public. The problem with the current system is that there are no checks and balances. If the anti-virus company wants to makeviruses seem worse all they have to do is distort the legality. There is noorganization that certifies wheather or not a virus is real. Even morepotentially harmful is that the anti-virus companies could write viruses inorder to sell their programs. Software companies have and do distort the truthabout viruses. "Antivirus firms tend to count even the most insignificantvariations of viruses for publicizing purposes. When the hemp virus firstappeared, for example, it contained the word "legalise," but a miscreant latermodified it to read "legalize." Any program which detects the original virus candetect the version with one letter changed -- but antivirus companies oftentimescount them as "two" viruses. These obscure differentiations quickly add up."http//www.kumite.com/myths/myth005.htm well-timed the Marijuana virus is alsocalled the "Stoned" virus there by maki ng it yet another on the list of virusesthat companies protect your computer against.     I went to the McAfee Anti-virus Web site looking for information on theMarijuana virus but was un commensurate to obtain that information. I was however ableto get a copy of the top ten viruses of their site. On detail virus calledJunkie "Junkie is a multi-partite, memory resident, encrypting virus. Junkiespecifically targets .COM appoints, the DOS boot sector on floppy diskettes and theMaster strike Record (MBR). When initial infection is in the form of a fileinfecting virus, Junkie infects the MBR or floppy boot sector, disables VSafe(an anti-virus terminate-and-stay-resident program (TSR), which is included withMS-DOS 6.X) and rafts itself at Side 0, Cylinder 0, Sectors 4 and 5. The virusdoes not generate memory resident, or infect files at this time.