Vision For The English Uplands In 2050 Environmental Sciences Essay

Introducing the side subalpines. The inc melodic phrase up drink round offs ( double 1 ) argon ingleside to over 800,000 heap in folksy countries and 1.2 million in much urban countries ( CRC, 2010 ) . The drop offscape formulates centuries of human stress in the past and is maintained by go on stewardship, incorporating extremely placed and seeed countries with a wealth of pagan and natural assets that provide a wealth of chance and pronouncement ( CRC, 2010 ) . disdain this, most of the high democracys ar designated by the European Commission as Badly disadvantage compasss ( SDAs ) or Less Favoured Areas ( LFAs ) ( encrypt 2 ) , callable to their low agri ethnic potential ( CRC, 2010 ) . It has been suggested that this whitethorn wrongly act upon determinations associating to the side high fetchs ( CRC, 2010 ) .The frugal system and landscape of the alpestrines is especially delicate in the current economic clime ( Butterworth, 2011 ) , which deal ge t word to the injury of important topical anaesthetic anesthetic anesthetic employers ( CRC, 2010 ) . However, the highlands have the pronouncement to punt up a immature economic system and low C hereinafter by the coevals of expensive public sobers and market merchandises ( CRC, 2010 ) . Whilst there is takeing of concern enterprise, endeavor and animation, endeavor is moderate by few employment chances, especially in more(prenominal) distant countries, and those that h experienced unwrap are often low conduct and seasonal ( CRC, 2010 ) . The bulk of populate in the highlands are employed in tourism related industries, sweeping, retail and fabrication ( CRC, 2010 ) . reduce ground employment makes up 5.2 % of highland workers ( CRC, 2010 ) . mannequin 1 Map of England to manifest SDAs and LFDs ( CRC, 2010 ) . domain of a function usage industries in the highlandsLand uses in the highlands can do struggle, still much can be in harmoniousness with each anoth er(prenominal).One style to place utilizations of English highlands is to split them into purveying, modulating and ethnical services ( CRC, 2010 ) . In this manner, it becomes easier to place struggles and countries of complementarity.Provisioning correctCulturalFood ( prove brute ) clime statuteTourism tintAir musical note ordinance diversion e.g. walking, field ath permiticssMineralsWater quality ordinanceAestheticssEnergyFlood make stave offCultural inheritanceFresh body of waterWildfire hazard barBiodiversityWater, clime accommodation and tillage patterns70 % of the UK s soak up water system is sourced from the highlands ( CRC, 2010 ) . The UKPC ( 2010 ) undertaking that the Lowlandss go out go hotter and desiccant and hence the highlands may go an even more of import water supply scratch ( immanent England, 2009 ) . Land counsellor in the highlands significantly impacts river flows and inundation hazards ( CRC, 2010 ) . Climate re bleaking is intercommunicat e to increase inundation hazard in the hereafter ( CRC, 2010 ) .A frolicing job is brown urine from peat territorys, which poses a challenge to imbibing piss proviso in the highlands ( CRC, 2010 ) in accompaniment urine is going browner in many another(prenominal) highland countries ( inhering England, 2009 ) . Removing coloring bodily is expensive and uses important sums of energy and chemicals which suffer a sludge byproduct ( intrinsic England, 2009 ) . Soil compression caused by croping enhance physical, blocked drains on peat dirts and remotion of shrub and trees can do reduced absorbancy of body of water catchments ( born(p) England, 2009 ) . cultivation and the surround call forthing in the uplands consists chiefly of farm beast agribusiness 44 % of engendering Ewe and 30 % of screech cattles are farmed in the English highlands ( CRC, 2010 ) . alpestrine farms are frequently particularly unguarded to form _or_ system of government reform and economic novelty ( National Trust, 2011 ) . It has been suggested that 1000s of occupations depend on highland agriculture, for congresswoman the highlands in Yorkshire provide 34,000 occupations in agribusiness and touristry, supplying ?1.8bn in hoggish revenues ( Butterworth, 2011 ) . The CRC ( 2010 ) studies that many highland husbandmans are disorder well-nigh the economic impacts of in store(predicate) jacket crown reforms. Butterworth ( 2011 ) argues that farming in the highlands must be earnestly considered in current pate dialogues to safeguard the hereafter of highland agriculture. domestic help animate being farming for nutritious is extremely carbon intensifier and contri provideded about 18 % to anthropogenetic clime alteration in 2006 ( CIWF, 2009 and FAO, 2006 ) . With universe meat in take a shit projected to increase from 229m metric stacks in 2001 to 465m metric scads by 2050 ( FAO, 2006 ) , stairss require to be taken to whoop start this end product. Hotter drier summers may take to rock-bottom handiness of feedcrops and body of water for domestic animate being agriculture ( CIWF, 2009 ) . An increasing population may take to less land handiness, as limitless to farm farm animal and turn their nutritive competes with infinite to construct houses, plant life woods and farm harvests and bio supply ( CIWF, 2009 ) .Livestock agriculture has declined due to the de-coupling of payments from production, the impacts of Foot and Mouth and de-stocking as a consequence of Single Farm Payment and to run into environmental demands in order to have subsidies from understandings such as the Higher Level Stewardship ( HLS ) strategy and Uplands immersion Level Scheme ( UELS ) ( which are frequently indispensable for endurance of farm concerns ) . This is an rustic of struggle conservationists encourage de-stocking to melt off set down overgrazing and protect home grounds, whereas hill husbandmans entrust the pattern is misguided as it under mines traditional hill farming patterns ( CRC, 2010 ) . Many descry de-stocking determinations to be non-participatory, top-down and ignorant of local cognition ( CRC, 2010 ) .Farmers feel that the bulk of pose are soon over or under-grazed due to inadequate guidelines ( FCC, 2010 ) . Overgrazing can do dirt eroding, release of C defecates and modify river flow and deepness ( Defra, 2010 ) . Some of this is due to overgrazing of globally rare turn to bog, which is saved by UKBAP position and active indemnify bog is included in the EC Habitats and Species Directive ( Defra, 2010 ) . Blanket bog feedly covers 4 % of England and supports whole kit and boodle species such as ling ( Calluna vulgaris ) cross-leaved heath ( erica tetralix ) and the Sphagnum species, which vary regionally ( Defra, 2010 ) . wight species found here include the outstanding xanthous humblebee ( Bombus distinguendus ) , snake feeder gatherings and the inter interior(a)ly protected gilt plover ( ge nus Pluvialis apricaris ) ( Defra, 2010 ) . Blanket bog is England s largest C shop with about 300 million metric tons of CO2 being stored ( Defra, 2010 ) , there is 15,890ha of cover bog in the Peak rule National putting green entirely ( Moors for the Future, 2007 ) . Defra ( 2010 ) suggests that overgrazing, run outing and venting in the highlands has resulted in 381,000 metric tons of C to be released yearly. Carbon released from cover bog could go an even more important issue in the hereafter, as the hotter summers and heater winters and alterations in precipitation projected for the hereafter ( UKCP, 2010 ) could alter peatlands from a C sink into a C beginning ( CRC, 2010 ) .Forestry and rescueWoodland and forestry makes up 12 % of the highlands, which is largely managed by The Forestry Commission ( CRC, 2010 ) . overconfident environmental benefits provided by tree put in the highlands include renewable energy production, reduced dirt eroding, change C segregation, redu ced flooding hazards and improved H2O quality ( CRC, 2010 ) . Other benefits include the notional activity of employment from bio-energy strategies ( CRC, 2010 ) . At present clip it is ill-defined what the topic maneuver scheme for forestry is, as an independent dialog box is being established to see future forestry policy ( Spelman, 2011 ) . aside, preservation and agriculture patternsDiversion in the highlands includes out-of-door escapade, game accident ( CRC, 2010 ) and hill walking ( subjective England, 2009 ) . virtually 40 million people visit National Parks in the English Uplands yearly, passing about ?1.78bn ( CRC, 2010 ) . English highlands hold off 86 % of unfastened entree land in England ( CRC, 2010 ) . One ground for this may be that National Parks and Areas of salient inwrought Beauty ( AONBs ) make up 75 % of the highlands and 53 % of England s Sites of particular(prenominal) Scientific Interest ( SSSIs ) are fit(p) at that place ( CRC, 2010 ) .Historic ch aracteristics in the uplands face menaces from overgrazing and dirt compression, undergrazing and chaparral and bracken invasion, and hapless counselor of the historic environment for biodiversity and other ecosystem services ( ingrained England, 2009 ) . It is frequently voluntary administrations that engage in custodies on preservation and protection of the environment and heritage characteristics and supply recreational and educational activities ( CRC, 2010 ) , which has a positive impact on the touristry industry, as it is the beautiful environment and cultural heritage that tourists visit the highlands to see.The impacts of touristry on the environment in the uplands include change magnitude fire hazard, dirt and pathway eroding which causes increased C loss from dirt and increased C emanations from private deportation for illustration 93 % of all Lake district tourers travel by auto ( Natural England, 2009 ) . However, these issues can supply an chance for alliance coh erence for illustration voluntaries in the Lake District are presently transporting out nerve pathway Restoration work ( Natural England, 2009 ) .5.5 % of English highlands is covered by cusk moorland, almost of which is managed for screak ( Moors for the Future, 2007 ) . Grouse hiting for diversion has dwelled in the Northern highlands for over 150 old ages ( Natural England, 2009 ) . Moors for the Future ( 2007 ) suggest that semipermanent grouse direction has changed cover bogs into heather moorland. Natural England suggests that merely 14 % of moorland SSSIs in England are in friendly status due to overgrazing and inappropriate electrocution ( Moors for the Future, 2007 ) . Controlled combustion has been increasing over the decease 30 old ages ( Yallop, 2006 ) . Appropriate combustion can punter biodiversity by reservation a wider scope of home ground, for illustration, the aureate plover prefers short flora ( Moors for the Future, 2007 ) and moorland direction for g rouse has expanded their scope ( granular &038 A Wildlife Conservation Trust, 2011 ) . However, this disadvantages other species, for illustration those that require tall ling ( Moors for the Future, 2007 ) . traditionalistic methods of firing rhythms have caused struggle, for illustration in 2003 English Nature blamed grouse directors for irresponsible moorland combustion in a particular protection hoidenish ( BBC News, 2003 ) . Regular burn rhythms cut down wildfire hazard by cut drink the sum of old ling ( fuel ) ( Moors for the Future, 2007 ) . Therefore, appropriate combustion may be an of import direction technique in the hotter, drier summers of the hereafter projected by the UKCP ( UKCP, 2010 ) .In 1992-1997 the joint doll of pig mountain took topographic point in Langholm, Scotland ( Langholm Moor inference Project, 2011 ) . The intent of the survey was to happen out the effects of non leave off offing moorland for grouse ( Bellamy, 2005 ) . The consequences showe d that chick harrier Numberss increased significantly ( build 3 ) , a brace of quick falcons moved into the country and all moorland bird, including grouse, Numberss decreased significantly ( Bellamy, 2005 and Langholm Moor Demonstration Project, 2011 ) . The survey compared Langholm to close managed Moors and found that the Langholm grouse population failed to retrieve from the parasitic unsoundness Strongylosis during the Joint Raptor take in when dame harasser Numberss had increased, whereas they recovered comfortably in the nearby managed Moors ( figure 4 ) . quartette old ages after the survey, hen harrier Numberss had decreased to two braces ( figure 3 ) due to reduced fair game ( Bellamy, 2005 ) . This had a negative impact non merely on wildlife preservation, but on touristry and diversion excessively, which in bend negatively impacted local concerns such as stores and hotels that had antecedently received good income from taws and bird spectators ( Bellamy, 2005 ) .Figure 2 The ruddy line shows Numberss of engendering biddy harasser braces at Langholm and the green saloon chart shows the figure of biddy harasser cheques at Langholm ( honest axis ) ( hypertext vary protocol //www.langholmproject.com/raptors.html ) .Figure 4 Number of grouse pip at Langholm ( green ) compared to two nearby Moors ( brown and Grey ) . The cyclic alterations reflect periodic parasitic disease Strongylosis ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.langholmproject.com/grouse.html ) .The Joint Raptor Study suggests that responsible grouse direction does non conflict with bird preservation and can really be good ( Bellamy, 2005 ) . Unfortunately, struggles still exist and some people regard the unpeaceful death of grouse for athletics as inhumane. However, Bellamy ( 2005 ) argues that possibly it is better to hold supererogatory scope grouse who are killed straight off than utilizing the land for big farm animal farms where the animate beings have a decreased qualit y of life.An illustration of diversion, farming and preservation bing in harmoniousness occurs at the 5,500ha Bolton Abbey res publica in North Yorkshire, where managed ling Moors are classed as a SSSI, a European Special Area of Conservation for its works communities and European Special Protection Area for its bird population ( Natural England, 2009 ) . The land supports and provides grouse shot, recreational walking, educational visits, farm animal graze, heather honey production, sustainable forest, rich biodiversity and a C shop in the peat dirts ( Natural England, 2009 ) .The Vision in 2050The highlands are considered to be a national plus, with important environmental, cultural and societal value and chance ( CRC, 2010 ) supplying people with procedures indispensable for life such as nutrient, H2O, elegance and diversion. The abundant and diverse scope of wildlife exists in the abundant and diverse scope of good quality home grounds, which are valued and protected by the people. Farming patterns lodge largely traditional and do minimal injury to the environment, and husbandmans receive a good income. Restored cover bog shops huge sums of C. The highlands are no giganticer regarded as countries of afflictive disadvantage but alternatively countries of chance, as alterations in the yesteryear have resulted in the creative activity of many occupations and chances for sustainable concern, ensuing in a thriving, prosperous community. The land and all its natural and cultural assets are managed sustainably. Policy and determination devise utilises the bottom-up attack and involves local communities and is antiphonal to altering state of affairss.Top cardinal Menu of ActionsAll determinations should be more participatory and area- specialisedPolicy should non be unbelieving of local cognition ( FCC, 2010 and CRC, 2010 ) . Alternatively it should take into history the cognition and experience of local people ( FCC, 2010 ) .Policy should be whippy and antiphonal to alter ( CRC, 2010 ) .Management determinations should be made locally ( FCC, 2010 ) .Safeguarding H2O and cut downing inundation hazard place more trees and chaparral to increase the absorbancy of H2O catchments and responsible decrease overgrazing, combustion and land drainage would cut down deluging hazard ( Natural England, 2009 ) .A better scruple of drainage forms across each river catchment and how land direction influences them is required ( CRC, 2010 ) .Reducing overgrazing reconstructing dissolute moorland may service to better H2O coloring material ( Natural England, 2009 ) .Improved forest direction more(prenominal) forest should be planted ( Natural England, 2011 ) .Forests should be more connected to assist wildlife adapt to climate alteration ( Natural England, 2011 ) .Improved grazing directionCroping should be limited to identified suited specific countries of land.There should be limited to no croping on protected moorland.Farmers should recogni ze that nutrient production from farm animal is interlinked with other systems such as H2O quality ( Natural England, 2011 ) .Stocking rates should be immovable locally.Education for the populace and for concernsEssential highland services should be recognised by all ( CRC, 2010 ) .Upland instruction programmes and activites should be enforced to enthuse and actuate people ( Natural England, 2011 ) .Promoting green endeavorThe UK has a duty to cut down C emanations ( Guardian.co.uk, 2008 ) . In line with this, green engineerings need to be utilised to their full potency.Bio-energy strategies based on forest biomass should be implemented throughout the highlands to lend to upland economic systems and make employment ( CRC, 2010 ) .Renewable energy concerns ( H2O power, solar, wind engineering etc ) should be back up ( Natural England, 2011 ) .Support should go available for green endeavor to let the highlands to make its full economic potency ( CRC, 2010 ) .Secured hereafter for f armingAt to the lowest degree one land-based college to present farm direction classs should be in each locality ( FCC, 2010 ) . This should assist to stop up immature people learn the accomplishments necessary for highland agriculture.A alteration in highland policiesA flexible and antiphonal new national scheme that is integrated across sectors, administrative countries and sections should be implemented, based on local cognition and scientific fact ( CRC, 2010 ) . The new national scheme would cut down bureaucratism, duplicates and the inefficiencies present in current policy ( CRC, 2010 ) . This would let the people and concerns of the highlands to better understand how they can protect and heighten the highlands ( CRC, 2010 ) .To guarantee effectual execution an single accountable to Curates of BIS, CLG, DECC and DEFRA should be appointed ( CRC, 2010 ) .Policies should put out clear aims and marks and the effects should be monitored so feedback can be provided to husbandmans ( FCC, 2010 ) . This will enable them to present better environmental results ( FCC, 2010 ) .Continued preservationAll concerns and infantry should be sited to understate negative impacts on the environment.Existing preservation guidelines should be improved and adhered to.Grouse direction should go on, but be sensitive to preservation, diversion and agriculture demands.Co-operationAll stakeholders in the highlands should be encouraged to co-operate with each other to accomplish long term consequences and foolproof support ( Natural England, 2011 ) .DecisionThe uplands face a hereafter of uncertainness, but this provides great chance. With everyone working to back up and heighten the highlands, this vision can be used to assist tolerate the positive and understate the negative facets of the highlands ( Natural England, 2011 ) .

'Gwendolen Fairfax Essay\r'

'In Oscar Wilde’s embolden The immenseness of Being Earnest smoothed the changing aim of Victorian women. The character Gwendolen Fairfax was around worry the women of the time. She is much like her mother, noblewoman Bracknell, who seemed in truth strong and independent. The women of the Victorian age were fire in educating and meliorate themselves. Both intellectually and cosmetically, women hopeed to be better and restrain more(prenominal) flops. Gwendolen was a pretentious women who was preoccupy with the name of Earnest. She said that she wouldn’t want to marry anyone without that name.\r\nHer superficial attitude concerning this is pondering of Victorian times, when middle to upper-class women were most concerned with appearance and reputation. These women felt that it was in truth important to appear honorable and virtuous, and their husbands had to reflect that go for. It was a pretentious attitude of the time. Gwendolen in like manner attended l ectures, which was a way of improving herself intellectually. She was a thinking woman, who had her experience thoughts. When she gives an thinking she gives it with authority.\r\nShe is flirtatious with Jack/Earnest and comes despatch as a woman who expects her own way. She is much like her mother, skirt Bracknell. Lady Bracknell attempts to influence her daughter’s married decisions, and it is clear that she is most concerned with image as well. Sources say that the ideas of marriage in the Victorian era were less romantic. spousal relationship served the purpose of a woman beingness taken care of and having an honorable reputation. Having a husband was very much a status symbol. We can see that in time though Jack was lying rough his name, he is supposed to be â€Å"Earnest.\r\n” The wideness of being Earnest as the play title suggests, is actually the importance of maintaining the right image of honor and respectability. The fact that Lady Bracknell was in dependently in charge of her daughter, shows that women were suitable a bit more free. She was not a single mother, but due to the sickness of the father she was able to do as she pleased and have a say in who her daughter marries. onwards this time it was the father who had that right. Women slowly became more and more influential, and her character reflects that.\r\nWorks Cited\r\nLandale, Nacy S.. â€Å" noisome Ideology and Sexuality among Victorian Women. ” loving Science record, 36. 2 (1986): 147-170. JSTOR. 6 Apr. 2007 <http://www. jstor. org/ face>. Murray, Isobel, ed. Oscar Wilde: The Major Works. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Questia. 6 Apr. 2007 <http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=59847379>. Nicoll, Allardyce. A History of Late Nineteenth Century Drama, 1850-1900. Vol. 1. Cambridge, England: University Press, 1946. Questia. 6 Apr. 2007 <http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=8949862>.\r\n'

'Luscious literary elements Essay\r'

' entirely headspring written stories argon represent of specific elements that capture the contri barelyor’s imagination and approximations. An author is usu all in ally identify by a definitive style, whether it be romance, historical, the hold of suspense, and even biographical. Successful authors such as Washington Irving, use crabby literary elements including a well thought proscribed and instructive theme, regionization, and scan. These helped compose a tarradiddle that would entertain and withstand the reader’s sake. In the tommyrot â€Å" split Van Winkle”, Irving accented upon an a priori theme or insight roughly human life that is revea take in a literary piece. Irving’s ability to stool a creative setting or magazine and jam in which a story takes place, allowed the readers ability to effectively focus upon the story. While the theme and setting play significant roles in maintaining the reader’s beguile, his use of eff ective characterization or process by which the writer reveals the reputation of a character, helped in obtaining the reader’s imagination d iodin out the story.\r\nIrving’s ability to appeal to the reader’s senses effectively establishes the setting. Visual descriptions such as â€Å"when the weather is fair and settled they are clothed in blue and discolour” and â€Å"small yellow bricks” allowed the reader to chop-chop visualize the setting. Irving’s use of emotional language, by introducing words such as â€Å" dominated husband”, â€Å"squabbles”, and â€Å"evening speak”, allowed the reader to identify emotions and feel come apart of the story. The effective use of auditory senses added pursual to the setting, such as â€Å"the birds were hopping and twittering through out the bushes” and â€Å"the noise of the balls, which, whenever they were rolled, echoed along the mountains like sound peals of thunder”. The use of time and location played an important part of the wakeful of bout Van Winkle, the author makes use of this to describe to the reader the changes that have occurred oer the twenty-year span. The use of appealing sensory descriptions through out the story allowed the reader to locomote involved and stay connected to the setting and characters.\r\nIrving’s usage of characterization was sure enough effective and powerful through the story. Rip Van Winkle was described as a very likeable character that was willing to â€Å"assist any populate even in the roughest toil”, â€Å"but found it impossible to do his family duties and check the farm in order”. He would help build st unity fences, beat Indian corn, and run errands for the village women. However, on his own farm he declared, â€Å"it was no use of work”. Irving allowed the reader to view the differences of characters and the effects they had upon one another by placing two different personalities together. Rip had a happy disposition, unlike his wife who henpecked her husband and had a tart temper. By placing two very unlike characters together, it led to many disagreements and fights. By the end of the story the reader should have felt grieve towards Rip due multiple situations he was placed in by the author.\r\nIrving introduces a theme and was able to maintain an interest from the beginning of the story to the end. Time doesn’t stand still for anyone or anything, and if one doesn’t take opportunity one is offered, it may be lost forever. Irving present this by the use of twenty-year span in which Rip falls asleep, and wakes to a whole different environment. Some of his long time friends have aged considerably and any(prenominal) have even died during this period. The author uses this to certify how important it is to make use of the sec and not allow time to shift key away.\r\nWashington Irving’s use of these element s created a very descriptive and enjoyable story to read. He effectively intertwined these elements together to maintain the reader’s focus and interest in the story. The use of a well thought out theme, detailed descriptive setting, and interesting contrast of characterization all effectively combined forming a real tale.\r\n'

'Shopping Behaviour: Bangladesh\r'

'2006 EABR & ETLC Siena, Italy Determinants Of Grocery S bust inscription Of Consumers In Bangladesh Plato Ranjan Datta, capital of the United Kingdom College of trouble Studies, unite Kingdom Bonya Rani Chakraborty, capital of the United Kingdom College of Management Studies, United Kingdom Abstract fixable to the belief that node memory is a much follow-effective st straygy than attracting revolutionary guests, the guest subjection subject has come of improverd interest to most furrowes all(prenominal) over the hold out a couple of(prenominal) years.\r\n devoted nodes invariably bring to a greater extent kale for the cheek as they argon more liable(predicate) to advocate their friends and family, ready to grant reward tolls and incur increased procure back intention. This c every for rophys discover to examine the academic point of consumer’s verity in Bangladesh among consumers who lead astray from dissimilar super installs. The main objective is to empirically suss commit the strength of trustworthyty of Bangladeshi nutrient consumers on the basis of their obtain deportment and line of descent- train value provision, and hence provide assure which demonstrates a pose of consumer faithfulness establish on these factors.\r\nIn frame to determine consumer inscription in Bangladesh Oliver’s quartette spot of stanchty molding were adopted. A total strain of cl fargon shop consumers from three conduct memory boards in Bangladesh were selected stochasticly and interviewed in March by happy interviewers. The analyse results indicate that Bangladeshi regimen consumers argon assured of the court and hit (cognitive truth), ar conscious with feli city ( affectional allegiance), cheery consumers ar in all likelihood to urge on their primal super stock certificate to their family and friends (Co-native verity) and in any case they rent frequencies of trim (Action co mmitment).\r\nThe findings of olfactory modality for flock be go ford to offer a sound basis for sellers to improve their trading operations in all the beas, so increase their profits and to provide the first such(prenominal)(prenominal) survey in this particular (and extremely measurable) field in the Bangladeshi context and therefore offer a human foot and mastermindion for future investigate. INTRODUCTION The sell industry is dynamic, huge and change is a constant phenomenon. Over the determination few decades in both Europe and northeast America sensation as seen the issue of super nutriment for thoughtstuffs as the dominant sell form. This is callable to the fact that consumers’ de con noneour has changed and shifted towards thingmajig, utmost woodland start out, provision for client c ar, flexible pay methods and civilise channels of dispersal. To cope with consumer demands sellers atomic physique 18 constantly shaping their business strategies and try to offer the right reapings and operates.\r\nDeterminants of m whizztary fund select, client obedience and swap behavior stir been widely studied across the globe. on that pointfore, a sheer great deal of literature exists regarding nourishment sell. However, in that respect is lock vast range of mountains for research in this field as the surround of sell is in a constant shape of change and the outlet of innovative fund formats in regular army and Europe befuddle led to melodramatic changes in consumer behavior.\r\nThis is particularly rightful(a) and has remarkable effect on nub ex iodineratedhearted consumers in Bangladesh with the impudently introduced ‘so-called’ super food product stack aways which be providing a all new experience for those consumers offering educate node service, a wide and several(a) variety of costlys, pleasant ambience, spacious layout, smell trade and noteed harvestings and p rovision for early on on(a) western life style facilities. Although t present is whatsoever research on sell in opposite Asian counterparts, there has been truly little research in Bangladesh.\r\nThe retailing industry in Bangladesh is actually separate and under demonstrable. The so called European 1 2006 EABR & ETLC Siena, Italy style new super line format has emerged in this celestial sphere b atomic number 18ly in the culture few years so this heavens of retailing is in an early phase. thence, it is of rife importance for retailers in Bangladesh to know the attributes that appealingness to their clients in swan to satisfy them. Thus, this atomic number 18na sets out to examine the degree of consumer’s consignment in Bangladesh among consumers.\r\nRETAILING IN BANGLADESH Bangladesh is predominantly a conventional, poor society, where nearly 90% of the creation is Muslim; other groups represented atomic number 18 Hindu, Christian, Buddhist, an d other minorities. Per-capita income is somewhat US$ 380 (Gain depict, 2004). The population has grown from 42 cardinal in 1941 to133 million in 2002 (Bangladesh billet of Statistics, 2003) make it the 9th most thickly settled country in the world (Bangladesh chest of Statistics, Dec. 2002). sell industry in Bangladesh is fragmented and un develop.\r\n regular(a) comp atomic number 18d to its South Asian counterparts, Bangladesh is fuck in terms of development, building and organisation. However, the last several years has witnessed dramatic changes, curiously in victuals retailing industry. This is out-of-pocket to the effects of sphericisation, economic and trade full(a)isation, changing casts of consumers’ obtain behaviour, substantial increase of middle degree consumers and the government’s liberal locating towards hostile trade f atomic number 18 products and growth of coordinate super workshops.\r\nBangladeshi food retail sector is domin ated by traditional shops, and this traditional food distribution system is with so called ` wealthy markets` which sell fruits, vegs, meat and fish unitedly with teeny-weeny food set ups which sell run dry foods. The traditional retailing has been established for some centuries. only its expansion is keeping grounds with rapid growth of economy, intense rival, population growth and changing consumption patterns. all these changes led to dramatic changes in the twist of the food retailing sector.\r\nThus new-made super inserts, supermarkets, convenient installs, genius stop funds and multi- retentivity complexes developed to service the evolution middle rank with their demand for more sophisticated food introduces and greater varieties of products, many of which were imported, particularly in major cities. Thus organised retail sectors be facing competition from traditional unorganised huge retail outlets. This is receivable to their distinctive characteristic s which are not case related but quite a monetary value related.\r\nMost of the traditional shops are unorganised, do not incur proper employee structure (normally â€Å"mom and popâ€Å" shops run by family members), choose negligible real estate, no external or underpaid beat back terms and no or little taxes to pay. Consumer’s familiarities run from generation to generation and thus they have a strong alliance with most of the guests who are normally local. at that placefore guests whitethorn have the opportunity to demoralise any products on credit and pay any month or every week. Thus worths are always less(prenominal), although smell is not guaranteed and no or few imported products are purchasable.\r\nThis is again delinquent(p) to the socio-economic group of the middle and start class which is more sensitive to price rather than sense of smell. On the other hand the organised retail sector is incurring senior richlyer(prenominal) cost due to various cost pressures. A substantial symmetry of their products are imported and good tonicity, they employ graduate(prenominal) calibre employees with consequently high labour costs, have bigger premises and so offer more comfort and care for for the customer. However, this growth and expansion was not structurally organised due to lack of upkeep from government and public.\r\nThe retail industry in Bangladesh was never before comprehend arrogantly as a sector until recently. in that respectfore there is no or very limited market data formtable on this sector, but various spot-string sources indicate that the turnover of the food retail sector in Bangladesh could be US $ 12-14 billion and the number of retail market place shops could be virtually 1 million (Gain Report, 2004). According to the same overlay, retail is one of the biggest sources of employment (12%) and it contributed 13% to Bangladesh’s gross domestic product in 2001 / 2002. The organised ret ail sector (i. e. arge supermarkets) is new in Bangladesh and started to appear less than 5 years ago. Within this ill-judged meter period it has attracted investors, developed positive degree experiences among the public and performd government attention. no it is growing dramatically. The share in terms of volume and value in the organised retail sector of Bangladesh is 49. 60% and 18. 5% in 2003 (post market survey, 2003). To date there are 2 2006 EABR & ETLC Siena, Italy active 30 stash aways of this kind ope rate in the country, the majority of which are hardened in Dhaka and this sector makes up 1% of the total retail sector in Bangladesh.\r\nOwnership of all major super keeps is private and limited, owned by local retailers merely one which is a joint venture and other in Australian ownership. However, the concept of international retailing is at a very early act in Bangladesh. According to horse parsley (1997) â€Å"international retailing is comm only(pre nominal) if pre hunted to concern retail operations, owned by a atomic number 53 company in more than one countryâ€Å". there is no evidence of the physical social movement of international outsizing retailers in Bangladesh except one or two of long suit coat.\r\nTraditional shops like small wayside shops accounted for 75% of the retail sector and these shops are ocular without the country (Gain Report, 2004). They are very small and no foreign or imported products are obtainable except in some shops located in urban or suburban areas where consumers tail assembly bargain for comparatively high gauge products from neighbouring countries (i. e. India and Burma). These products are imported through in general unauthorised channels. As these types of small shops are mainly family owned and run, they do not incur huge costs and also are not high feeling. Shop sizes are normally 30-100 sq. feet.\r\nThey open for long hours and consumers faeces bargain with the sellers in order to lower the price. Other types are typified as Municipal pot Mini-Market and mainly establish in semi-urban or urban areas and these are under Municipal Corporation ownership. Shops are generally arranged by product or service categories such as fish market, meat market, vegetable market, groceries etc. This menage represents 20% of the retail market (Gain Report, 2004). Most of the shops sell imported and persona products although their appeal is limited to only the middle-class or high class consumer market due to the cost factor.\r\nProducts are acquired by wholesalers and importers. The third category of shops is doohickey or departmental bloods. These funds are recountingly large and offer good calibre domestic and imported products. no.mally subgross in urban areas they represent 5% of the retail sector (Gain report, 2004). Due to their quality and shuffling name these monetary funds are always expensive and a large proportion of the population rottern ot afford their products. They are therefore strictly limited to upper berth-middle or upper class Bangladeshis and foreigners residing in major cities, especially Dhaka.\r\nTheir products are acquired from importers and distributors with adequate storage facilities and some pace topped-up by local suppliers. Finally, over the last few years another sophisticated retail format has appeared in the retail sector in Bangladesh; these are organised, developed and more structured which are supermarkets or the organised retail sector which at the moment represent less than 1% (Gain report, 2004). This sector is very young and is in its early stage of development, mainly visible in major cities (i. e. Dhaka, Chittogong). These are large retailers and sell very high quality products, mainly imported goods.\r\nLess than 5% of total food consumption comes from this outlet. There are at the moment around 30 super parentages and most of them have only 1 outlet except agora and PQS with 2 out lets. GROCERY fund obedience: A LITERATURE REVIEW In today’s competitive environment to compete with competitors and confine in business all organisations are investing resources to gain incorruptible customers by offering overlord products, superior services to increase customers re secure intentions, their dedication towards the organisations and satisfy customers needs and wants.\r\nA satisfied customer has positive post- barter for behaviour which leads to him/her positive military position and commitment towards the organisation. A committed customer is always stay with the company for longer term. An unsatisfied, non-committed customer reproach from the company. This is more paramount case in retailing scenario where organisations are making account thin profit. As Huddleston et al (2003) pointed out that â€Å"to survive in today’s competitive markets food retailers mustiness take a shit and handle a loyal customer base.\r\nOmar (1999) has emphasis ed that investment trust faithfulness is the single most historic factor in retail market success and keep longevity. A review of literature by Jacoby & Chestnut (1978) indicates that much of the initial research emphasizes the behavioural aspect of consignment, after a period when the majority of researchers careful the true as a pattern of resound purchasing (Oliver, 1997). However, Cunningham (1956) in early stage of behavioural aspect of commitment utter that livestock fealty concept derived from brand faithfulness with respect to tangible 3 006 EABR & ETLC Siena, Italy goods. Current dedication literature indicates that there are two ratio of breed allegiance: Attitudinal and behavioural dimension. behavioural dimension is measured by proportion of purchase of a specialised brand, term attitudinal truth dimension is measured by psychological commitment to the target object (Caruana, 2002). There are various advantages for retailers to have loyal c ustomers. As stated by Huddleston et al (2003) customers trueness foot yield indulgent operating cost advantage for retailers.\r\n advance they have stressed that obtaining new customer costs five to cardinal convictions as much as retaining sure customers. Loyal customer so-and-so increase their purchase spending, low costs for retailers for obtaining new customers, price premiums and customer longevity. Dick and Basu (1994) proposed that brand plays a special role in generating repeat purchase. Food business line intelligence defined customer homage more concisely as `creating the strongest possible consanguinity surrounded by the retailer and customer, so that peck feel they give miss something if they go to another breed.\r\nHowever, Sivadas and Baker-Prwewitt defined consignment as â€Å"to get customers to preach a store to othersâ€Å". Odekerken-Schroder et el (2001) defined store truth as â€Å" the conscious debauching behaviour of a consumer expresse d over clipping with respect to one store out of a set of stores and which is driven by commitment to this store. Huddleston et el (2003) have conducted a rent in mid-western US city with six focus group in order to define store loyalty by replyents and also they have investigated respondents likes and dislikes of a preferred food store.\r\nRespondent’s likes and dislikes relate to identify factors associated with repeat and loyal purchase behaviour. The abstract framework of this study was found on Dick and Basu (1994) which conceptualises loyalty as the family amongst congeneric spatial relation towards a brand and patronage behaviour. The study determine preferred doojigger attributes such as store localization, familiarity with store layout, one-stop shopping and be able to get in and out in a hurry. Product related attributes are: product variety, good store brand, fresh produce and meats, making bulk item available and carrying general merchandise.\r\nThe s tudy also determine environmental attributes such as cleanliness, gangplank width, layout and friendly clientele. zero(prenominal)se from announcements and music, small or narrow aisles, too hot or too cold temperatures, bad odours from nursing bottle returns, big size of store, too concern and crowded and layout changes been selected by respondents as negative attributes. Huddleston et al (2003) pointed out that store commitment as a necessary hold in for a store loyalty. Without commitment customers are spuriously loyal.\r\nAnother study conducted by Koo (2003) among Korea Discount retail patrons to examine the inter races among store stoves, Satisfaction and depot loyalty. How store dates elicit influence consumers gratification and how consumers merriment can influence store loyalty. The conceptual model developed by Koo (2003) indicates that various deduction retail characteristics have positive influences on positioning towards a discount retail store which leads to store blessedness and this leads to store loyalty. Also it stresses that Discount retail store (DRS) attributes have a positive clash on store comfort.\r\nThus puddle store loyalty. He developed six hypothesis based on his conceptual model. The research determine quartet-spot store cooking stoves such as strain glory, employee service, trade and after gross revenue service have solid contact on attitude, sequence location, convenient facilities and value have no cushion on attitude. The research findings frequent Bloemer & Ruyter (1998), but it is contradictory to You et al (1998) who in their study showed that only location has a probatory effect on attitude. Findings also partially support that store exposures (i. e. tore atmosphere and value) have a positive impact on store mirth, while location, convenient, after sales service and selling have not significant impact on store cheer. This support Bloemer & Ruyeter (1998), Kumar & Karande (20 00), Thang & convert (2003). Study hike up have place Location, after sales service and merchandising have significant impact on store loyalty which contradict Bloemer & Ruyeter (1998) who place that there is no direct descent amidst store image and store loyalty, but an validating impact on store loyalty through satisfaction.\r\nKoo 92003) conclude that the overall attitude towards discount retail has the greatest impact on store loyalty, followed by location, after sales service and merchandising. In Korean discount retail store environment his study indicates that store image and location are important factors in attracting patrons to the store. Furthermore, it indicates that satisfaction has an insignificant positive effect on store loyalty. 4 2006 EABR & ETLC Siena, Italy Jacoby and Chestnut (1978) defined store loyalty as â€Å"the biased (I. e. non random) behavioural reaction (I. . revisit) expressed over term, by some last making unit with respect t o one store out of a set of store, which is a function of psychological (decision making and military rating) treates resulting in brand commitment. However unfavorable part of store loyalty is seen by Bloemer et al (1998) is store commitment which is a necessary condition for store loyalty to occur. They further stresses that a loyal customer is committed and that commitment arises from sharing intelligible and extensive decision making as closely as evaluative processes.\r\n contain and non explicit decision making and rating process can leads to consumers not plump committed to the store. thus they are not loyal. Based on store commitment they have defined a degree of store loyalty as true store loyalty and spurious store loyalty. CUSTOMER SATISFACTION TO CUSTOMER committedness customer satisfaction can be defined in many ways, one of which is â€Å" a person’s feeling of pleasure or disappointment from comparison a product’s perceived performance (or out come) in relation to his or her expectations (Kotler, 2000).\r\nBloemer et al (1998) also support this definition which states that satisfaction is occur through a matching pf expectation and perceived performance. Bloemer et al (1998) have identified two distinguishable types of satisfaction: manifest and potential satisfaction. shew satisfaction is the result of an evaluation which is well elaborated on where as potential satisfaction is the result of an implicit evaluation which is not elaborated on (Bloemer et al, 1998). Customer satisfaction positively influences customer retention, and increase repeat sales (Anderson, Claes & Lehman, 1958).\r\nMoreover, `satisfaction direct is a function of the difference between perceived performance and expectations` (Kotler, 1994). If the performance waterfall short of expectations the customer is dissatisfied. If the performance is exceeds expectations, the customer is highly satisfied. `High satisfaction may create an emotional affinity with the brand, not just a rational penchant and this creates high brand loyalty (Kotler, 1994). Even if the customer is not highly satisfied, soundless from behavioural aspect of brand loyalty, the customer can be brand loyal.\r\nThis can occur if no other pick is available or may be alternatives are of a higher price which the consumers can not afford or if the customer’s purchase effect is limited. Bloemer et al (1998) were conducted an empirical study in major Swiss city in the German-speaking part of Switzerland to establish relationship between Image, satisfaction and loyalty by developing three hypothesis. Hypothesis 1 examine whether positive relationship between manifest satisfaction and store loyalty is stronger than the positive relationship between latent satisfaction and store loyalty.\r\nHypothesis 2: store image has a direct positive effect on store loyalty and hypothesis 3 examines the indirect positive effect of store image on store loyalty thro ugh store satisfaction. Their findings indicated that the relationship between store satisfaction and store loyalty opine on the type of satisfaction and tested all three hypotheses positively. However, the study conducted by Huddleston et al (2003) indicates that satisfaction does not think commitment to a store either; many respondents stated that they could be persuaded to shop elsewhere.\r\nHowever, Heskett (2002) suggests that customer satisfaction is the lowest level from the five levelhierarchies of customer behaviours. Others customer behaviours are: mere loyalty (repeat purchase), commitment (willingness to refer others to a product or service), apostle-like behaviour (willingness to convince others to use a product or service) and ownership. Nevertheless, Sivdas and Baker-Prewitt (2000) pointed out that satisfaction influences telling attitude, purchase and recommendation but has no direct effect on store loyalty.\r\nAccording to Sivdas and Baker-Prewitt (2000), servic e quality at one sequence affects both sexual relation attitude and satisfaction and that satisfaction affects congeneric attitude. Both telling attitude and satisfaction influence the likeliness of recommending but only satisfaction plays a part in influencing corruptback. Study further indicates that there is no direct relationship between relative attitude and salvation and both relative attitude and satisfaction have no direct impact on royalty.\r\nThus, it appears that relative attitude and satisfaction which is influenced by service quality can influence customer recommendation which leads to both customers repurchase and loyalty. Sivadas and baker-Prewitt (2000) study support Oliver’s model of loyalty in a store loyalty context. 5 2006 EABR & ETLC STORE IMAGE AND CUSTOMER LOYALTY Siena, Italy brisk literature indicates that store images have un approbatory impact on store loyalty (Bloemer & Ruyter, 1998). theoretical open upations of store images are found in theories of brand images (Koo, 2003). inject image or store attributes have significant influence on satisfaction.\r\n ancestry image is defined as the complex of a consumer’s perceptions of a store on polar (salient) attributes (Bloemer and Ruyter, 1998), or a presumptuousness consumer’s or target market’s perception of all of the attributes associated with a retail outlet to create and maintain a level of storeservice provision or quality for the store loyalty (Keaveny and Hunt, 1992; Lascu and Giese, 1995). The competition and increasing customer expectations have created a climate where â€Å"quality is touch to be a major strategic inconsistent for improving customer satisfaction (Smith, 1990).\r\nLucas, pubic hair and Gresham (1994) said that decision to visit a particular store can be influenced by many factors, experienceing such factors and building them into store operations can increase the profitability of gaining customer loyalt y. They had identified the baseball club basic motives for the store choice allow ins: general store characteristics, physical characteristics of the store, convenience, merchandise, prices, store personnel, in-store effects, customer service and advertising. They had also identified the five motives for patronising ervices which include: quality of service provided, appointments, reasonable fees, waiting areas, attitude of service provider. Early studies of store images are closely related to the multiattribute model. Lindquist (1974) defines store images as a â€Å"structure of some shield that is tying together the dimensions that are at workâ€Å" and conceptualises store images as nine key attribute categories: merchandise, service, clientele, physical facilities, exploit satisfaction, promotion, store ambience, institutional factors and post exploit satisfaction.\r\nBy combining retail selling mix elements Ghosh (1990) identified eight elements of store image. These a re location, merchandise, store atmosphere, customer service, price, advertising, personalised selling and sales incentives programs. Customers may have various perception for distinguishable stores and different store may apply different attributes to attract different types of customers in different times and in different locations. ancestry images may differ between small and larger stores.\r\nA study conducted by Mitchell and Kiral (1998) found that there are differences between primary store loyal customers perception of their store and secondary store loyal customer perception of that store. This view is support to Hansen and Deutscher (1978) proposition that store attributes vary by store types. Mitchell and Kiral (1998) in their study they have asked 30 shoppers to identify which store attributes they use in Manchester at two grocery stores (e. g. Tesco and Kwick-save).\r\nThey have identified three factors associated with customer perception and these are: property, T ime and convenience, value. Tesco customer perceived quality, convenience and value factors in that order of importance while kwick-save customer perceived quality, value and convenience when considering Tesco. Theoretical base for modelling the grocery store loyalty After behavioural linear perspective on loyalty majority researchers measured loyalty as a pattern of repeat purchasing.\r\nThe most relevant of the models for mensuration the grocery store loyalty is Oliver’s four-stage loyalty model (Oliver, 1997). Oliver’s four-stag loyalty model produced in 1997 in a simplified form and suggests that customer loyalty progresses in four phases, with each phase representing a greater degree of loyalty. quaternary stages are: cognitive loyalty, emotive loyalty, conative loyalty and action loyalty. Figure: The Oliver’s four stages of loyalty model COGNITIVE approach and turn a profits AFFECTIVE CONATIVE ACTION *Frequency of shopping Relative attitude *Recommen dation *satisfaction *Repurchase intentions cognitive Loyalty: At this stage consumers are more concerned about quality and prices of the products and services and this is wherefore they patronise the store rather than other stores. However, at this stage loyalty may not be that strong because consumers can defect from that store and move to another store if they perceive it as a remediate 6 2006 EABR & ETLC Siena, Italy option. So, service quality evaluation can be taken as a good indication of their cognitive loyalty.\r\nTo understand Bangladeshi consumers’ cognitive loyalty three chiefs were selected to measure this category of loyalty. emotional Loyalty: At this stage consumers’ loyalty is based on relative attitude towards the store and satisfaction gained. The relative attitude is the result of their previous loyalty based on cognitive loyalty. Therefore relative attitude and satisfaction were employ as independent variables to measures consumers†™ affective loyalty towards the store. There are 26 interrogation in nine categories selected to measure affective loyalty.\r\nCategories are: convenience of store location, convenience of service provisions, congestion, cleanliness and store atmosphere, variety of ranges, shopping difficulties, propel difficulties, unfamiliarity and degree of customer service from sales personnel. Co-native Loyalty: Having a relative attitude towards the store and being satisfied with the store a consumer will hold a commitment to buy there, so repurchase intentions will be increased and consumers are willing to recommend to others.\r\nTwo headings were selected to measure a consumer’s co-native loyalty towards the store. Action loyalty: This is the final stage of a consumer’s loyalty. With this loyalty a consumer will be kept up(p) with the store thus leading to absolute frequency of shopping there. Therefore, one simple question was asked to consumer to measure this loyalty. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research was based on selecting three (3) leading grocery retailers from Bangladesh. investment trusts were selected based on market share and length of operation.\r\nIn order to understand consumer loyalty in Bangladesh Oliver’s four stage of loyalty model (Cognitive loyalty: consumers consciousness with cost and benefits; Affective loyalty: Consumer conscious with satisfaction; Co-native loyalty: consumers recommendation to other great deal and repurchase behaviour and Action loyalty: consumers’ frequencies of store visits) were adopted. Data were colleted using a random sample of consumers. The data and information were equanimous from selected grocery stores in Bangladesh. Consumers who have significant knowledge of the topic were identified and selected at random for questioning.\r\nInterviews were conducted face to face on exit from three selected superstores to capture the attitude and experience of consumers who had just purchased g rocery items. The choice of face to face interview was in order to get high response rate and edit the response bias. A low response rate is a common problem with self-completion questionnaires and can be subject to response bias, especially in that people with reading and writing difficulties are less presumable to respond (Robson, 2002). Furthermore, the refusal rate for face to face interviews is very lower than the non-response rate for postal questionnaires.\r\nA sample of 50 consumers in each store (3*50) making a total of 150 food shopping consumers from the three (3) selected stores in Bangladesh were selected. However, 10 subjects were not included due to incomplete answers. It is logical that the larger the size of the sample, the greater is the precision or reliableness when research is replicated (Saunders et al, 1997). But constraints on time, workforce and costs influenced decisions on sample size in this study. The sample size was found to be representative for th e store population.\r\nA study conducted by Bloemer and Ruyter (1998) in a major Swiss city in the German-speaking part of Switzerland utilise only 153. The current market leaders in grocery retailing in Bangladesh include-Agora, Nandan, and mensurate Plus were selected as samples for investigation. DATA compendium AND ANALYSIS Data were collected in early March 2005 by trained interviewers throughout the week. In order to reduce possible shopping patterns biases all interviewers used stratifying interviews across the time of the day (morning, early afternoon, and late afternoon) (Odekerken-Schroder et al, 2001) and weekend (Thursday and Friday).\r\nAs a Muslim populated country Friday is the official holiday and Thursday normally half-day off. But special consideration were placed on weekend and evening when most of the people are going for shopping and this time always busy. All interviews were last for uttermost of 12 minutes. 7 2006 EABR & ETLC Siena, Italy After pile up data from the field data were coded and analysed by using SPSS version 11 software programmes. Quantitative analysis was used to understand the degree of store loyalty.\r\nRESULTS The main findings were: Cognitive Loyalty Cognitive loyalty factors are associated with cost and benefits and three statements were asked to consumers concerning cost and benefits. The conceive middling of consumers was 3. 94 and SD was 0. 929. These refer to the grocery consumers in Bangladesh conscious with cost and benefit when they were shopping (on a scale rating from one to five). In this category, the first question was ‘If a store provides a violate price, I am going to buy from the store’, the mean intermediates and SD of the consumers replies was 3. 77 and 0. 876.\r\nThe second question was `If any store provides cleanse quality, I am going to buy from that store`. The mean average and SD was 3. 92 and . 953. The third question to understand the degree of consciousness towar ds cost and benefits was `I am always concerned about price and quality`, the mean and SD for this was: 4. 13 and 0. 958. tabularise: Cognitive loyalty Cognitive loyalty factors If a store provides a better price, I am going to buy If any store provides better quality, I am going to buy I am always concerned about price and quality Total taut 3. 77 3. 92 4. 13 3. 94 Std. disagreement . 876 . 953 . 958 0. 929\r\nAffective loyalty The mean average was 3. 98 and SD was 0. 892 . These results indicate that consumers in Bangladesh conscious with satisfaction when they did shopping. In this category total 25 statements were asked to consumers with nine limited factors. These factors were: convenience of store location, convenience of service provisions, congestion, cleanness and store atmosphere, variety of ranges, shopping difficulty, travel difficulty, unfamiliarity and customer service by sales personnel. These factors were chosen to understand consumer’s relative attitudes the store and satisfaction 8 2006 EABR & ETLC\r\nTable: Affective loyalty Affective loyalty factors Parking facilities Convenient location Inside the store temperature Good place for shopping with children Credit card payment Opening and closing times visually appealing interior Good customer service Duration of checking out time Convenient to move around cash machine of the store is good Cleanliness of the store fragrancy of the place Variety of items Variety of mark items woodland & variety of imported products Overcrowded in the store Long waiting time at the checkout Transportation is awkward very much time & effort for set a car I am familiar with store layout Familiar with the store since I used to shop here Has presentable sales personnel Has sales personnel who show a heartfelt interest Has sales personnel who are willing to help Total entertain 3. 89 4. 06 4. 21 3. 86 3. 66 3. 86 4. 02 4. 46 3. 46 3. 89 4. 46 4. 60 4. 59 4. 51 4. 49 4. 37 3. 12 3. 8 3. 21 3. 29 3. 32 3. 49 4. 37 4. 37 4. 37 3. 98 Std. excursus . 874 1. 098 . 747 . 878 . 845 . 878 . 809 . 723 . 932 . 972 . 661 . 644 . 710 . 735 . 791 . 924 1. 042 . 916 . 956 . 834 . 984 1. 083 . 733 . 743 . 752 0. 892 Siena, Italy Co-native loyalty Two questions were selected to measure consumers’ co-native loyalty towards the store. At this stage consumers must have a positive attitude and commitment towards the store and thus create repurchase intention. Based on customer’s satisfaction they work to recommend their friends and relatives. Findings indicate that satisfied consumers are probable to recommend their friends and repurchase.\r\nThe first question was `how likely would you be to recommend`, where the mean average and SD were: 4. 35 and 0. 709. The second question was `how likely would you be to purchase at this store`, giving a mean average and SD of: 4. 17 and . 831 respectively. Table: Co-native loyalty Co native Loyalty factors How likely would you be to recommend How likely would you be to purchase at this store Total convey 4. 35 4. 17 4. 26 Std. Deviation . 709 . 831 . 776 Action loyalty This is the final criteria of Oliver’s loyalty model which indicates that having fulfilled all previous stages at this stage consumers bunk to retain their connection with the store so leading to continued frequencies of shopping.\r\nOnly one simple question was asked to measure consumers retention and that was `how oft do you purchase at this store`. The mean average and SD were 3. 47 and 1. 305 9 2006 EABR & ETLC Table: Action loyalty Action Loyalty factor How often do you purchase at this store Total Mean 3. 47 Std. Deviation 1. 305 Siena, Italy DISCUSSIONS The survey results indicate that Bangladeshi food consumers are conscious of the cost and benefit (Cognitive loyalty), are conscious with satisfaction (Affective loyalty), satisfied consumers are likely to recommend their primary super store to their family and friends (Co-native Loyalty) and also they have frequencies of visit (Action Loyalty).\r\nTable: Level of food consumer loyalty in Bangladesh Stages of loyalty Cognitive Affective Co-native Action Store loyalty Conscious with cost and benefits Conscious with satisfaction Likely to recommend to their family and friends Have frequencies of visit Consumers respond differently in every country (Child, Heywood and Kliger, 2002), as international retailing has become an important feature of global distribution systems. This has been brought about through changing socio economic patterns, favourable political and heathen environments and a shift from manufacturing to service based economies (Quinn and Alexander, 2002). Although in Bangladesh the retailing environment is whole different from its counterparts the results indicate that Oliver’s four stages of consumer store loyalty model is still applicable.\r\nConsumers’ loyalty can be measured through cognitive, affective, co-native and action behavioural patterns. From the findings it is understandably that consumers are very conscious with cost and benefits (cognitive loyalty). This is the basis to create a favourable attitude towards the store and through the process of providing store and service attributes consumers will be satisfied, thus indicating that consumers are conscious with satisfaction (affective loyalty). A satisfied consumer will race to recommend to their friends and family the product and service they tend to buy from (Co-native loyalty) and at the same time their repurchase intention tends to increase (Action loyalty).\r\nCONCLUSIONS Store loyalty is a very important phenomenon for retailers to understand the underlying principles and antecedents in order to retain and acquire more customers. Loyal customers spend more money and at the same time recommend the store to their family and friends, thus bringing more customers and profit for the retailers. It is of paramount important for man agers to identify the circumstantial characteristics which can influence consumers to shop from their store. As characteristics of retailing environments are changing, along with consumer’s behaviour, patterns of choice and mode of shopping, retailers must respond quickly to those changes in order to sustain and achieve competitive advantage. The study looked at the degree of store loyalty by applying Oliver’s four stages of store loyalty model.\r\nThe implications for management and retailers are that they must look closely at the kind of price and quality they are offering, as customers are more conscious with cost and benefits. Although this cognitive stage of consumers’ loyalty will not create a strong draw with their commitment or favourable attitude, it does have positive impact on their adjoining stage of loyalty behaviour which is the affective stage. To create a favourable attitude amongst consumers’ towards the store retailers must use specif ic service or product attributes. The research indicates that convenient location, good customer service, atmosphere of the store, 10 2006 EABR & ETLC Siena, Italy cleanliness, quality and variety of imported products and good sales personnel are the major attributes to satisfy customers.\r\nThus, to create consumers relative attitude and satisfaction which leads to co-native loyalty of consumers, where consumers tend to recommend to their family and friend and increase repurchase intention. If these three previous stages can be implemented appropriately, consumer’s frequency of shopping will increase. Organised retailing in Bangladesh is in the introductory phase of development. emulation is virtually non-existent. However, growing health awareness is making consumers more quality conscious and imported food items are considered good quality, also a growing number of middle class consumers, due to their high income capacity can afford to purchase good quality imported products.\r\nTherefore, our results thus provide strategic justification for major retailers for continued investment in store image and targeting specific consumer groups with the right demographic variables. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Alexander N (1997), worldwide retailing, London: Blackwell Anderson, E. W. , Fornell, C. , and Lehmann, D. R (1994), â€Å"Customer satisfaction, market serving and profitability: Findings from Sweedenâ€Å", ledger of market, Vol. 58, July, pp. 53-66. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2002 Bangladesh Bureau of statistics, 2003 Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (2003). 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(1997), Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation and Control, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Koo, Dong-Mo (2003), â€Å"Inter-relationships among Store Images, Store satisfaction and Store Loyalty among Korea Discount Retail Patronsâ€Å", Asia pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, Vol. 15, No. 4 Kumar, V. , and Karante, K. (2000), â€Å"the Effects of Retail Store Environment on Retailer Performanceâ€Å", Journal of Business Research, Vol. 49, pp. 167- 181 Lascu, D. N. and Giese, T. (1995), â€Å"Exploring Country Bias in Retailing Environmentâ€Å", Journal of Global Marketing, Vol. 9, PP. 41-58 Lindquist, D. J (1974), â€Å"Meaning of Imageâ€Å", Journal of Retailing, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 29-38. Lucas, G. H. , Bush, R. P. , and Giresham, L. G (1994). Retailing, Boston: Houghton Miffin Company. 11 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 2006 EABR & ETLC Siena, Italy 24. Mitchell, V. W. , and Kiral, R. H. (1998), â€Å" special and Secondary store-loyal customer perceptions of grocery retailersâ€Å", British Food Journal, Vol. 100/7, pp. 312-319 25. Odekerken-Schroder, G. , Wulf, K. D. , Kasper, H. , Kleijnen, M. Hoekstra, J. , and Commandeur, H. (2001), â€Å"The Impact of quality on store loyalty: A Contingency Approachâ€Å", Total Quality Management, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 307-322 26. Oliver, R. L. (1997), Satisfaction: A Behavioural Perspective on the Customer, McGraw-Hill, Singapore. 27. Omar, O. E (1999). Retail Marketing, Harlow, England: Pearson Education 28. Quinn, B and Alexander, N. (2002), â€Å"International Retail Franchising: a conceptual frameworkâ€Å", International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 264-276 29. Robson Collin (2002). Real World Research (2nd Eds). Blackwell Publisher, London 30. Saunders, M. , Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A (1997) Research Methods for Business Students. pitman Publishing, London. 31. Sivadas, E. , and Baker-Prewitt, J. L (2000), â€Å"An Examination of the relationship between service quality, customer satisfaction and store loyaltyâ€Å", International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 73-92 32. Smith, A. M. (1990), â€Å"Quality Aspects of Service Marketingâ€Å", Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol. 8, No. 6 33. Tahng, D. C. , and Tan, B. L. B. (2003), â€Å"Linking Consumer Perception to Preference of Retail Stores: An Empirical Assessment of the Mul ti-Attributes of Store Imageâ€Å", Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Vol. 10-4, pp. 193-200 12\r\n'

'Environmental Hazards\r'

'environmental Hazards Environmental hazards consist of ethnic, biological, physical, and chemical hazards (Wright, Boorse, 2014). With a wide multitude of other hazards in each course in that respect is plenty to choose from and makes one wonder why we continue to survive among so many voltage hazards. I will be focusing on one type of hazard from each category to show what threats there are and a vogue to combat the threat. One example of a cultural hazard is smoking which accounts for over 400,000 deaths each socio-economic class (Wright, Boorse, 2014).Since smoking is a choice you have nurse over using It or not. As we elevate in life and realize that nigh choices Ilke smoking, bear on more than just the smoker. Laws have come into wanton away to limit the access to cigarettes for minors as well up as where you are able to smoke. The website no- smoke. org offers detailed teaching on laws, bands, and regulations in place to help start out and hopefully eliminate s moking hazards in the future. epoch smoking is endlessly a choice some hazard such as biological cannot always be avoided.As technology progresses we are better equipped to deal with bacteria and viruses. In spite of these advances In medicine and technology, â€Å"pathogenic bacteria, ungi, viruses, protozoan, and worms continue to plague each society” (Wright, Boorse, 2014). One such problem responsible for(p) for over 3 million deaths in 2008 solo Is acute respiratory infections. ” (Wright. Boorse, 2014) according to Christine DIMarla and Matthew Solan â€Å"the insubordinate system of children and older adults are more at risk of getting an acute respiratory contagious disease” (DIMarla & Solan, 2012).They continue to say that most infections are not treatable, but prevention in the work of hand washing, covering your sneezes in your arm or tissue, and avoiding touching your face can be undecomposed (DiMarla & Solan, 2012). Some environmenta l hazards cant be controlled or prevented and the best example of that comes In the found of physical hazards. Such hazards come In the puzzle out of ‘natural disasters including: hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, forest fires, earthquakes, landslides, and volcanic eruptions (Wright, Boorse 2014).\r\n'

'Equal Opportunity in Education Essay\r'

'The whole quarry of education is…to develop the mind. (Sherwood Anderson) The coupled States of America has actual a system to educate its y forthh by a existencely funded system. It is the law and born civil right of each citizen to attend some straining of education by a particular age. The ordinary tame system is set in situate for those who choose not to send their offspring to private, religious, or charter schools. This is the present incarnation of the popular school system. It is said to be equal in any manner throughout the country. That has not always been the topic in this nation. That has brought forth numerous laws and enactments to grant those who sustain themselves on the littleer side of gaining knowledge to a extendeder extent of an equal footing where education is concerned. In this let d admit of prospect, there is an expected level of availability that is expected. In a valet de chambre of intense competition from in spite of appearance and outside of the country education one of the a few(prenominal) ways of balancing the scales of the socially or monetarily disfavour is proportionate education.\r\nIn this nation baberen have at one point or an another(prenominal) in history been systematically held back for one discernment or another. The reasons differ in the once beliefs that they were not able to learn or personal notion of not existence worthy to be taught. In 1896 P slighty vs. Ferguson granted the states the right to uphold the separate plainly equal doctrine that ruled the land. This was a great lost to all those that held a hope those subsequently generations would do better than those who came before. training began to become to a greater extent than than balanced when separate but equal was pushed off by the landmark case of brown vs. The mount of Education. In 1954 The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Henry Billings Brown. This would begin the integration of public school which was the fir st step into equal opportunity for educatees nationwide. The Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 was the next big step creating a system that would seek a fair culture experience for all.\r\nIts basic notion is that state and local funds for schools should be equitable before federal Title I funds ar matched to schools with large concentrations of low-income students. (americanprogress.org) The Title I funding has a ignore problem in its workings that has been a blemish to the children who attend these schools. The amount of money allocated to the schools is based on the salaries of the instructors. That is a problem for schools with a high disturbance ratio. Schools that have moderately younger staff that is comparatively new to the labor movement of educating young minds make less than the veterans of the better school districts. This translates into less money per informer and that equals less money for the school and the children. It is unfo rtunate that less money ultimately means less of educational opportunities.\r\nThe fact is that children in low income areas do not receive a fair share of money. The student need is not met by the standards laid out by the government. Money is the root of a decorous education in this high end expert world. Without proper funds the sincerest of supplies cannot be purchased. Computers, books, calculators, or simple printer ink is not available on a scale that is considered suitable. The eventual sharing of materials is a detriment to the students who are not allowed to have their own becaexercising of lack of equipment ready for use. The civil rights case would finally open the door for other minorities. One that would portion out advantage of the Brown ruling was those with disabilities. In Brown the Court declared that it is doubtful that any child may reasonably be expected to take after in life if he is denied the opportunity of an education. (web.ebscohost.com.library.gcu. edu.) They would use this to rally their forces and demand equal opportunities for cognitively impair children.\r\nMills vs. the Board of Education of the District of capital of South Carolina and the Pennsylvania Association for Retarded peasantren vs. Pennsylvania were twain cases that brought the plight of these students to the light of day. The law would be changed to harbor them the rights that they so richly deserved. The newest in leveling the domain of a function of education has come through the No Child Left Behind Act which was signed into being by former President George W. Bush in 2002. These reforms express my deep belief in our public schools and their mission to build the mind and character of every child, from every background, in every part of America. (George W. Bush, 2001) No Child Left Behind puts an strain on improving the quality of public education.\r\nIt calls for increased accountability, more choices for parents and students, putting reading first, a nd a higher emphasis on standardized interrogatory. However the standardized examen is one of the biggest problems of the act. The majority of teachers has a problem with the testing and calls it bias. They also put forth that the testing takes away from the true teaching of knowledge, rather they now teach to test. This makes the education of the nation less than competitive with other countries. To combat these problems in our ever changing world we must go back to the beginning. In that sentiment process society must rethink its bygone transgressions. The country must avoid the same mistakes of the past.\r\nPoliticians are not the ones who should make the decisions to lead the future of United States of America. Educators should be in charge of educating the youth. Those who have spent their lives gaining knowledge to teach the children of their world should be tasked with the military control of finding a way to educate equally. This task should be given to those who best fit the trouble description. The assignment should be outsourced if it is needed. Other countries excel in education and this nation could learn from those who educate on higher levels. Educating the masses on a more equal platform will only add to greatness.\r\nReference\r\nQuotes on Education (n.d.) Retrieved whitethorn 20, 2011, from\r\nhttp://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/eduquote.htm\r\nEnsuring equal Opportunity in Public Education (n.d.) Retrieved May 20, 2011, from\r\nhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2008/06/comparability.html\r\nPlessy v. Ferguson (n.d.) Retrieved May 20, 2011, from\r\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson\r\nOVERVIEW Executive Summary (n.d.) Retrieved May 21, 2011, from\r\nhttp://www2.ed.gov/nclb/overview/ insertion/execsumm.html\r\nThe Need for couple Opportunity and a good to Quality Education (n.d.) Retrieved May 21, 2011, from\r\nhttp://web.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/ehost/detail?\r\nEqual Opportunity (n.d.) Retrieved May 21, 2011 , from\r\nhttp://web.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer\r\nAn American perspective on equal educational opportunities (2002) Retrieved May 21, 2011, from\r\nhttp://web.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?\r\n'

'Fish and West Coast Tuna\r'

'Japans Fuchsia Nuclear Power rapidity is give awaying into the Pacific Ocean constantly. This leak was caused by a powerful earthquake in 2011. Any cast of chemical leak is terrible; however, the location of the Fuchsia installation makes it significantly worse. Because this body of pee does not sequestrate or clean itself comfortably, the chemical pollution is fair increasing and taking over the ocean. Marine living is being severely affected by this. iodine fish that should be a main think is the atomic number 74 edge Blue Fin tuna.The West sloping trough Blue Fin tuna is a widely recognized fish and the West sea-coast Tuna Fishing industry is very old(prenominal) with this marine life form. For this industry, the Fuchsia leak is the worst manageable event. Phytoplankton, plankton, and many other marine life forms establish on the radioactive chemicals being released by the gallons every(prenominal) day. This consumption of chemicals makes its way up the food st ring to the West Coast Blue Fin Tuna. not only is it now harmful to eat, the West Coast Blue Fin Tuna ingests the radioactive chemicals which in turn begin to eat away t its tissue thus leading the West Coast Blue Fin Tuna to cease to exist.To memorize whether or not the rise of radiation levels in the blue fin tuna is due to the Fuchsia leak or any cause that may be natural, I have created an experiment. I would begin by monitoring a set amount of cc North American Blue Fin Tuna (Group #1). These fish would be in clean water system with no radioactive chemicals and superb circulation. My other root would consist 200 of Blue Fin Tuna in clean water that is not well circulated (Group #2). Another group would be made up of 200 Blue Fin Tuna with circulated water containing the Fuchsia chemicals Group #3).\r\n'

'Interpersonal and Effective Communication Essay\r'

'P.1 †Produce a guidance register explaining the complaisant occasion of effective parley and inter soulfulnessal interaction in a wellness and social make out context for a new member of mental faculty ( using a hospital or upkeep photographic plate condition) to include: confabulation: text messaging, scripted, oral, point outing, technology. inter soulal interaction: row, non-verbal (choose 2 issues under each heading from social unit specification page 3).\r\nEffective communicating\r\nThe role of effective communication is important in whatever spend a penny background copeledge especially in both wellness concern setting. Effective communication is when soulfulness is getting a message across or explaining a topic fully with using the least(prenominal) randomness possible it is when reading is transmitted accurately and simply much(prenominal) as in a hospital or business organisation business firm in establishation that any staff get hold of s to inhabit exit be given to them in the easiest and simplest form possible. Communication although is not effective if the person you argon big(p) the information to is not listening. Effective communication sess be between colleagues or professionals and good deal using the services. at that place argon numerous contrasting forms of communication these include;\r\n•text messaging\r\n•written\r\n• ad-lib/verbal\r\n• signing\r\n• symbols\r\n• touch\r\n• music and bid\r\n• arts and crafts\r\n• Technology\r\nText messaging\r\nThis is through with(p) on an everyday arse this is d whiz on devices much(prenominal) as mobile phones and computers. The messages atomic number 18 send through a large ariel in space. much(prenominal)(prenominal) as in a care home or nursery school the staff would any(prenominal)times keep in contact through text messages this is good for when they are out of work and net’t give ton gue to to each some other.\r\nWritten\r\n on that point are many different forms of written communication. about of our communication is in written form. We induct newspapers that break us what’s witnessing round the military man daily, too we construct books about everything under the sun and we have magazines and leaflets that give information on health topics such(prenominal) as pregnancy, diabetes, care etc. inwardly in any health care setting this is important and dos into play in recording medical checkup treatments or medicines, instructions on treatment and medicine and also agreements between two race.\r\nSigning\r\nThis is a steering of communication for those who are deaf they pulmonary tuberculosis their hands to speak. in that location is an official British sign joint communication. This would come into health care frequently and in hospitals and care homes at that place should always be person that knows this in case of a patient who is deaf.\r\n on that point are different contexts of communication these include; champion to one this is one individual communicating to another(prenominal) individual such as in a conversation or email or crying(a) messaging. This cigaret occur on an everyday radical in any health care setting such as one nurse speechmaking to another nurse about a patient.\r\n sort out\r\nThis is when more(prenominal) than two people are communicating with each other this fanny range from 3 to any compute such as a class lecture consisting of about 60 people. conclave communication is effective as it sends the same information to the entire group at the same time. This mint happen in a health care setting such as a care home when they have staff meetings.\r\n titular\r\nThis is when people function rules of language in either written or verbal communication such as in a letter from your doctor or either when you have an interview for a job. Formal communication comes into every health and social care setting such as when you’re in hospital and the doctor comes around to see you he would use formal language.\r\nInformal\r\nThis is a more laid back lineament of communication such as if you were talk of the town to your family or friends you don’t have to use rule of language and this can\r\nbe present in some health and social care settings such as a social thespian or key worker that you have cognize for perhaps a broad time you would then be more comfy with them and your language would be more laidback rather than formal.\r\nThere are a few factors and skill that economic aid in effective communication these include;\r\n• optic contact and visible verbalize\r\n•body language\r\n•asking some questions\r\n•checking for considering\r\n•silence\r\n•boost to continue\r\n•smiling face\r\n•summarising what has been said\r\nInterpersonal interaction\r\nInterpersonal interaction is the way in which we comm unicate and interact with each other. To have efficient communication skill in a health and social care setting is vital in helping building relationships with clients, to provide and receive information, construe and meet the needs of clients and to report on work done with clients. There are two type of interpersonal interaction these are language and non-verbal.\r\n terminology\r\nLanguage consists of every day communication we use this on a day to day basis. There are many different types of language such as Spanish French German etc. and everybody has a first language redden if they know a few our first language would be English. In a hospital there can be many people that come in on a day to day basis that don’t speak English plainly this can prove a barrier to communicating with that person. In most hospitals and care settings there would be a few nurses and doctors that would speak more than one language and if not an interpreter whitethorn have to be brought in. Dialect also comes under language this is the way certain people from certain places or cities speak such as wales would have a welsh dialect and England has an English dialect.\r\nThis can happen in any care setting such as a care home when residents could be from different places and speak different ways the carers may not understand them as much entirely after a period of time they may get to know their dialect. Jargon would also come under language this is basically just a manner of talking that is very difficult to understand or even sometimes senseless. And ride would be another form of language this is very akin to dialect and is based on word people say that are not in the vocabulary but a lot may know the meaning certain towns and places would have their own gain such as Derry city is well known for its slang. In a hospital if someone came in that was injured and they only talk in slang it can be very hard for the person treating them to understand although he person doing it may not even realise.\r\nWe use speech everyday although some people cannot do this there are selection ways for them to communicate with others such as cipher cards for the deaf these would be cards that hold off reckons on them of everyday things so that someone who cannot speak tell someone what they want or need or for someone who cannot hear so that the person communicating with them can tell them what they’re manifestation this would come into health care settings such as therapy like speech therapy there would be picture cards for children who cannot talk to communicate also there is electronic devices such as Light writers are small, robust, portable voice output communication help (VOCA) specially designed to meet the particular and changing needs of people with speech loss resulting from a wide range of acquired, progressive and congenital conditions.\r\nNon-verbal\r\nNon-verbal is the way in which we interact and communicate with each other without speaking this can be in many different ways and we can do this without even knowing. These include intensity that can portray to someone if you are interested of not if someone is talking to you and you’re sitting slouched and sloppy they may debate you’re not interested in what you’re saying. Facial expression can tell a person a lot such as if someone tells you something that is very surprising you would open your mouth and perchance gasp this shows the person that you are ball over without having to speak there are a number of different facial expressions for many different feelings such as happy sad angry scared etc.\r\nReflective listening is another form such as if someone was telling you something and you are listening intensively then they know that you have got the message and that you are interested without having to ask you. Proximities is different things people need when communicating with someone such as your own personal space The make out o f distance we need and the tot of space we descry as belonging to us is influenced by a number of factors including social norms, situational factors, personality characteristics and level of familiarity.\r\nFor example, the amount of personal space needed when having a passing(a) conversation with another person usually varies between 18 inches to four feet. All these non-verbal methods communication are used in any health and social care settings on an everyday basis such as I a hospital when a consultant has to talk to someone they would use their non-verbal communication along with verbal by having good posture when talking to the person having a low voice if giving the person bad news and would also use facial expressions when the patient is talking to them to maybe let them know they understand what they’re saying.\r\n'

'My holiday – I visited Paris in France Essay\r'

'I visited Paris in France. When I there arrived I was astonished because the city seemed precise modern ceque I did not await. She has seems precise clean and she had a�galement a lot of diverse stores. On the way �mon hotel I traveled by the north of the France that seemed very silent. When I arrived to my destination I was very hour. It was very hot. The Trip I traveled by France. I had to go to Douvres. It was a tenacious boring trip we left Douvres at 10 o’clock and arrived in France at dozen o’clock. Lodging I’S remained in a hotel with my family. I have partag�une room with my chum and my parents had a separated room.\r\nThe hotel was situated close to the local anaesthetic city but it was again silencie ux and calm. The hotel had a go pool and the stores was very dear. My room was small it had a television and cardinal bathroom. Activities of the day The day it was very hot thus I tried to do the activities that were interior. I compete Badminton then I played au ping-pong that was very good. I similarly went swimming in the swimming pool in the hotel, after swimming I played mini-golf. Activities in the evening The evenings it did sometimes froid.La most of the time in evenings my family went out for a repas.Quand there was recreations we remained at the hotel because it was japery and my younger brother really assessed demonstration.\r\nThey etait drole but trusted French �taienten. Equally my sisters participated in the spectacle our last one harms. Before we left went to do ourselves emplettes in the following city to do which quesachats. In order to flock this essay, you either need to log in or contribute one your essays or courseworks. Please put over one of your own essays below to be interpreted the essay that you requested. Please make sure that you transfer a complete coursework. If the coursework is not complete, you will be denied access to the essay that you are requesting.\r\n'

'Federal Indian Policy Essay\r'

'When the newly founded joined States of the States gained its independence from Britain, they were faced with some(prenominal) new ch aloneenges. One of their biggest challenges was establishing and building upon their own domain that Britain had transferred at the Peace Treaty of 1783. 1 Of course, this land was salvage inhabited by Indian peoples. The unite States knew that territorial expansion was inevitable and to the Indians, this meant war. Creek chief Hallowing queen said, â€Å"Our lands are our life and breath. If we part with them, we part with our pipeline.\r\n”2 This turned out to be a immutable changing battle for territorial dominance and an while of changing federal Indian policy. The new America followed British ideas and created an Indian Department. This department schematic many an(prenominal) rules for the sale and transfer of Indian lands with the hope of regulating the advancement of the western sandwich frontier. 3 In 1790, sex bite enacte d the Indian Trade and Intercourse Act. 4 O.K. by hot seat Washington and the Indian Department, this act stipulated that recounting would regulate all trade, interaction and til now intercourse with all Native Americans.\r\n5 Congress regulated this Act by issuing licenses to authorise individuals. Failure to obey this law take to reason and a trail in court. 6 However, many American famers ignored this bill and would steal Indians to riding habit as slaves. Naturally, the Indians fought back which led to airy encounters. As Americans continued to ease westward, many battles and treaties began to emerge. The involution of travel Timbers was one of the more popular encounters. The Western Lakes partnership which consisted of some(prenominal) numerous tribes had achieved major victories in the past. It was President Washington’s goal to put their victories to an end.\r\n7 The Americans out-numbered the Indians and destructed many villages in the region. This batt le led to the form of many treaties like the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. This ended the Northwest Indian War which the Battle of Fallen Timbers was a part of. In convert of goods valued at $20,000, the Indians turned over deep parts of the modern-day area of Ohio. 8 This was a tremendous victory for the unite States and it certainly gave them the impetus in establishing Indian policy and in the function for territorial expansion. However, the fight and establishment for federal Indian policy did not end in the Ohio Valley.\r\nThe United States began to realize that the Indians and Americans would not be able to co-exist in the same eastern territory. President Thomas Jefferson began implementing the policy of â€Å"removing” Indians from their eastern homelands. The government decided they could go near this a few different ways. They could try to destroy the Indian peoples, assimilate them to American society, protect them on their ancestral lands or remove them to m ore distant, western lands. 9 It was Jefferson’s plan to use the mould of dispossession with minimal government.\r\nThis plan involved allowing American settlements to slowly border the Indians, either allowing them to become fine-tune Americans or letting them flee beyond the disseminated multiple sclerosis with the hopes of establishing multiple treaties. 10 Well, that is exactly what happened. This strategy to gravel Indian lands resulted in nearly thirty treaties with several tribes and the cession of 200,000 square miles of Indian territory. 11 This Jeffersonian policy proved to be very rough-and-ready for the young United States. The more â€Å"conservative” remotion policies of the American government took a halt when Andrew capital of Mississippi was elected President in 1828.\r\nJackson was a famous Indian fighter who was often referred to as very vocal on his Indian views. He regarded the Indians as inferior and even referred to them as â€Å"savages th at moldiness be removed. ”12 Jacksons radical approach perturbation many natives and led to the Cherokee resistance. The Cherokees were confined to the state of gallium where they decided to reconstruct their tribal government. They created a constitution, established a language, had bountiful resources and even created a newspaper. However, this further increased the pressure for their American neighbors to take fit of this Cherokee territory.\r\nThe state of tabun called upon Congress to begin negotiations with the Cherokees so they could leave their land. In 1830, Congress passed the Indian remotion Act allowing the president to negotiate treaties of removal with all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi. One year later, the Cherokee people brought a suit against the state of tabun. The Supreme judicatory ruled in the case of Worcester v. Georgia that the Cherokee land was â€Å"a distinct community, occupying its own territory where the laws of Georgia can deem no force. ”13 Georgia ignored this ruling and continued violating the Cherokee region.\r\nFaced with remainder or removal, the Cherokees signed the Treaty of virgin Echota, where they concord to relocate west of the Mississippi River. 14 This relocation devastated the Cherokee Nation’s emotions and is cheatn as the tail of Tears in 1835. As you can see, the United States of America was faced with a very voiceless dilemma in having to force federal Indian policies to maintain the control of the eastern frontier. Although much blood was shed over the policies between Washington’s and Jackson’s administrations, much more blood could have been shed and treaties could have never formed.\r\nThis could have possibly changed the face of the United States as we know it today. Notes 1. Calloway, Colin G, First Peoples; A Documentary Survey of American Indian History, Bedford/St Martins’, New York, 3rd Ed, 2008, 219. 2. Calloway, 218. 3. Calloway, 219. 4. Prucha, P. Francis. Federal Indian Policy. may 2 2005. http://www. alaskool. org/native_ed/ historicdocs/use_of_english/ prucha. htm (accessed May 29, 2009), 2. 5. Prucha, 2. 6. Prucha, 2. 7. Prucha, 3. 8. Calloway, 230. 9. Calloway, 229. 10. Calloway, 230. 11. Calloway, 228. 12. Calloway, 231.\r\n13. Seal, David. The Trail of Tears. Oct 19 1994. http://ngeorgia. com/ invoice/nghisttt. html (accessed May 29, 2009), 1. 14. Seal, 1. Bibliography Calloway, Colin G, First Peoples; A Documentary Survey of American Indian History, Bedford/St Martins’, New York, 3rd Ed, 2008. Prucha, P. Francis. â€Å"Federal Indian Policy” May 2 2005. http://www. alaskool. org/native_ed/ historicdocs/use_of_english/ prucha. htm (accessed May 29, 2009). Seal, David. â€Å"The Trail of Tears. ” Oct 19 1994. http://ngeorgia. com/history/nghisttt. html (accessed May 29, 2009).\r\n'